Publicação
Energy-efficient Transmitter Designs for 6G Involving Multiple Antenna Systems
| Resumo: | Transmitter architectures which can more efficiently amplify high-Peak-to-Average Power Ratio (PAPR) signals need to be developed, since the Radio Access Network (RAN) represents the vast majority of modern cellular network energy consumption. This stems from the use of modulations such as Orthogonal Frequency-Division Multiplexing (OFDM) for Spectral Efficiency (SE) optimization. Energy costs are a major factor for operators, and cellular network energy demands are only predicted to increase, due to the increasing data-rate and better connectivity goals. The Radio Frequency (RF) Power Amplifier (PA) is the limiting block in transmitter efficiency, followed by the power combiner, which prioritizes their optimization. The QDA with Combination Over-the-Air (QDA-CoA) architecture was deemed as the most promising starting point, using parallel class E PAs, which are highly efficiency, and simultaneously removing the circuit-based power combiners, avoiding their insertion losses. With the goal of further enhancing it, the QDA-Power Combination OTA (PCOA) architecture was established, which considers a Rectangular Array (RA) with beamforming, allocating an Uniform Planar Array (UPA) subarray to transmit each component, after being individually amplified by class E PAs. Theoretical frameworks were developed to describe the input signal processing, the class E PAs and the RA, were shown to offer strong starting points for the simulation-based sizings, and led to key architecture-level optimizations. However, a distortion issue in the PCOA architecture was also uncovered. In simulation, the RA was sized considering rectangular Microstrip Patch Antennas (MPAs), achieving radiation efficiencies as high as 81.83% for a 3.5 GHz carrier frequency. Mutual coupling was shown to have a significant impact on the array impedances and S-parameters. High-level simulation results show that PCOA is performed as intended, however, there is distortion due to the varying array gain, not allowing QDA-PCOA results to be obtained. An UPA subarray prototype was also elaborated, based on more detailed, layer-by-layer models, serving as an example for the complete array design methodology. |
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| Autores principais: | Diacu, Marius-Gabriel |
| Assunto: | Antenna arrays beamforming efficiency mutual coupling PA parallel amplification |
| Ano: | 2025 |
| País: | Portugal |
| Tipo de documento: | dissertação de mestrado |
| Tipo de acesso: | acesso embargado |
| Instituição associada: | Universidade Nova de Lisboa |
| Idioma: | inglês |
| Origem: | Repositório Institucional da UNL |
| Resumo: | Transmitter architectures which can more efficiently amplify high-Peak-to-Average Power Ratio (PAPR) signals need to be developed, since the Radio Access Network (RAN) represents the vast majority of modern cellular network energy consumption. This stems from the use of modulations such as Orthogonal Frequency-Division Multiplexing (OFDM) for Spectral Efficiency (SE) optimization. Energy costs are a major factor for operators, and cellular network energy demands are only predicted to increase, due to the increasing data-rate and better connectivity goals. The Radio Frequency (RF) Power Amplifier (PA) is the limiting block in transmitter efficiency, followed by the power combiner, which prioritizes their optimization. The QDA with Combination Over-the-Air (QDA-CoA) architecture was deemed as the most promising starting point, using parallel class E PAs, which are highly efficiency, and simultaneously removing the circuit-based power combiners, avoiding their insertion losses. With the goal of further enhancing it, the QDA-Power Combination OTA (PCOA) architecture was established, which considers a Rectangular Array (RA) with beamforming, allocating an Uniform Planar Array (UPA) subarray to transmit each component, after being individually amplified by class E PAs. Theoretical frameworks were developed to describe the input signal processing, the class E PAs and the RA, were shown to offer strong starting points for the simulation-based sizings, and led to key architecture-level optimizations. However, a distortion issue in the PCOA architecture was also uncovered. In simulation, the RA was sized considering rectangular Microstrip Patch Antennas (MPAs), achieving radiation efficiencies as high as 81.83% for a 3.5 GHz carrier frequency. Mutual coupling was shown to have a significant impact on the array impedances and S-parameters. High-level simulation results show that PCOA is performed as intended, however, there is distortion due to the varying array gain, not allowing QDA-PCOA results to be obtained. An UPA subarray prototype was also elaborated, based on more detailed, layer-by-layer models, serving as an example for the complete array design methodology. |
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