Publicação
Energy harvesting mechanism for smart city solutions
| Resumo: | Internet of Things (IoT) devices, and Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs), as pivotal elements in the actualisation of smart cities, require unlimited energy supply to enhance long lifespan and uninterruptible functionalities. Energy Harvesting (EH) techniques answer to many energy demands of perpetual devices, by converting various ambient environmental energy to usable electrical form for their sustenance. In this thesis, the review of various ambient energies available in the city that can be explored by different EH transduction mechanisms for the purpose of smart city automation was carried out. Thereafter, the PhD thesis explored the often windy weather of Aveiro city to investigate how to use ’home chimney pinwheels’ (HCP) on rooftops as an energy harvesting mechanism to convert energy from Wind to electrical source in a smart building in order to power IoT and other autonomous devices connected within such facility. The first step in the study was to justify reasons for which this means of harvesting Wind energy is considered smarter than the existing methods of using turbines of different capacities to harness Wind energy. This was achieved with the use of ’waterfall’ Project Management Methodology (PMM), whereby Wind energy delivery turbines that are grid connected at different capacities were categorised based on project management (PM). Hence, comparative analysis of different turbine capacities were made involving economic considerations; with delivery time, based on load target. The acronym ’Smart Turbine Energy Harvester (STEH)’ was therefore sustained for the use of HCP as turbines to deliver low amount of energy to IoT and other autonomous devices. Subsequently, the HCP was converted to an STEH by the use of off-the-shelve components, while the assembly part was fabricated with the aid of 3-D printer, and an electromagnetic converter by which means the Wind energy was harvested, was adapted from a brushless DC motor. This was mechanically fastened to the circular base of the 18-blade HCP. The HCP-STEH was tested for various Wind speed in the laboratory and experiments revealed that it can produce energy at very low Wind speeds. Experiments in simulated wind; in the laboratory yielded open circuit voltage of 0.3 ∼ 16 V, for wind speed between 0.6 ∼ 16 km/hr. In addition, the use of the smart turbine energy harvester as a smart building energy source was demonstrated on rooftop by connecting the set-up via a power management unit (PMU) to power ESP32 micro controller serving as IoT module across a 100 kΩ resistive load. Observation of the STEH output was made via cloud using LORA and the set-up was monitored on thingspeak cloud. On roof-top, with PMU connected to the STEH in ambient wind, a voltage of up to 4.1 V was generated; more so, maximum current of 6.6 mA and voltage of 9 V were recorded during cloud observation. This amount of energy is considered sufficient to operate low power IoT devices deployable around a smart city. |
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| Autores principais: | Ponnle, Ajibike Eunice Akin |
| Assunto: | Battery-less Ecology-sustainability Energy Harvesting (EH) Internet of Things (IoT) Receive-antenna Smart cities Smart turbine Transmitantenna Vertical Axis Wind Turbine (VAWT) Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) |
| Ano: | 2023 |
| País: | Portugal |
| Tipo de documento: | tese de doutoramento |
| Tipo de acesso: | acesso embargado |
| Instituição associada: | Universidade de Aveiro |
| Idioma: | inglês |
| Origem: | RIA - Repositório Institucional da Universidade de Aveiro |
| Resumo: | Internet of Things (IoT) devices, and Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs), as pivotal elements in the actualisation of smart cities, require unlimited energy supply to enhance long lifespan and uninterruptible functionalities. Energy Harvesting (EH) techniques answer to many energy demands of perpetual devices, by converting various ambient environmental energy to usable electrical form for their sustenance. In this thesis, the review of various ambient energies available in the city that can be explored by different EH transduction mechanisms for the purpose of smart city automation was carried out. Thereafter, the PhD thesis explored the often windy weather of Aveiro city to investigate how to use ’home chimney pinwheels’ (HCP) on rooftops as an energy harvesting mechanism to convert energy from Wind to electrical source in a smart building in order to power IoT and other autonomous devices connected within such facility. The first step in the study was to justify reasons for which this means of harvesting Wind energy is considered smarter than the existing methods of using turbines of different capacities to harness Wind energy. This was achieved with the use of ’waterfall’ Project Management Methodology (PMM), whereby Wind energy delivery turbines that are grid connected at different capacities were categorised based on project management (PM). Hence, comparative analysis of different turbine capacities were made involving economic considerations; with delivery time, based on load target. The acronym ’Smart Turbine Energy Harvester (STEH)’ was therefore sustained for the use of HCP as turbines to deliver low amount of energy to IoT and other autonomous devices. Subsequently, the HCP was converted to an STEH by the use of off-the-shelve components, while the assembly part was fabricated with the aid of 3-D printer, and an electromagnetic converter by which means the Wind energy was harvested, was adapted from a brushless DC motor. This was mechanically fastened to the circular base of the 18-blade HCP. The HCP-STEH was tested for various Wind speed in the laboratory and experiments revealed that it can produce energy at very low Wind speeds. Experiments in simulated wind; in the laboratory yielded open circuit voltage of 0.3 ∼ 16 V, for wind speed between 0.6 ∼ 16 km/hr. In addition, the use of the smart turbine energy harvester as a smart building energy source was demonstrated on rooftop by connecting the set-up via a power management unit (PMU) to power ESP32 micro controller serving as IoT module across a 100 kΩ resistive load. Observation of the STEH output was made via cloud using LORA and the set-up was monitored on thingspeak cloud. On roof-top, with PMU connected to the STEH in ambient wind, a voltage of up to 4.1 V was generated; more so, maximum current of 6.6 mA and voltage of 9 V were recorded during cloud observation. This amount of energy is considered sufficient to operate low power IoT devices deployable around a smart city. |
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