Publicação
Chemical composition and in vitro bioaccessibility of bioactive compounds from different sporocarp parts of a medicinal mushroom
| Resumo: | Ganoderma lucidum is a well-known medicinal mushroom, both historically and currently. Driven by the ethnopharmacological prospect and the crescent body of scientific evidence that associates G. lucidum intake with health, the interest in its metabolites, primarily triterpenes and polysaccharides, has been further fostered. Whereas most research on medicinal mushrooms has focused on the comprehensive identification and yields of metabolites throughout their different growth phases, the distribution of those compounds along the sporocarps (fruiting bodies) in the mushroom’s antler growth phase remains poorly investigated. Moreover, for the compounds in the mushroom to exert biological activities, following the ingestion they must be bioaccessible in the upper gastrointestinal tract or fermented at the colon, but no work has been dedicated to investigating the bioaccessibility of bioactive compounds from G. lucidum. This study aimed to directly compare the nutritional and chemical composition of the exterior skin and interior flesh of G. lucidum sporocarps, besides the bioaccessibility of triterpenes and prebiotic potential after digestion of both samples. Samples were provided by Käapa Biotech (Finland) and the proximate composition evaluated using Official methods. Triterpenes were extracted with hydroethanolic solution by maceration (150 rpm, 2 cycles of 1h), and Soxhlet (6 cycles), as conventional methodologies, and ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE, 47% amplitude, 15 min), as a green alternative methodology. Samples were homogenised and subjected to in vitro digestion (IVD) using the INFOGEST protocol. Extracts and bioaccessible factions were analysed by HPLC- DAD-(ESI-)HRMS/MS. The prebiotic activity with and -glucan content of the colonic residue of either sample was also investigated. Carbohydrates constituted the major component of samples, accounting for 80% of the total nutrients regardless the sporocarp part. The proximate composition of both samples was generally similar. Thirty-seven compounds were tentatively identified in both extracts and comprised lanostane-type tetracyclic triterpenes. Among the triterpenes, 16 lucidenic and 9 ganoderic acids were found, with peak 23 (lucidenic acid A, ganoderlactone B and ganolucidic acid) and peak 17 (lucidenic acid P and 7,15,?-trihydroxy- 4,4,14-trimethyl-3,11-dioxochol-8-en-24-oic acid) being the major compounds in the flesh and skin. The total triterpene content was superior in the external skin in contrast to the inner flesh (2 or 3 times) , and the proportion among some individual compounds also varied. The outer part also provided a higher average bioaccessibility of these compounds when compared with the inner part (53% and 39%, respectively). On the other hand, the inner sporocarp part showed superior prebiotic activity, evidenced by rapid bacterial growth and higher optical density across all tested strains, suggesting an enhanced fermentable substrate availability. The higher β-glucan content in the inner flesh (15.43% w/w) in contrast to the outer skin (9.77% w/w) likely contributed to its higher prebiotic effect. Whereas the external skin of G. lucidum sporocarps presented more bioaccessible triterpenes with putative health benefits, the inner part presented greater potential of promoting the gut heath by modulating gut microbiota compared to the outer skin. This is the first time a study has examined the variations of components between different parts of G. lucidum sporocarps as well as their bioaccessibilities, highlighting the differential potential of each particular part. Understanding the differential composition and bioaccessibility of compounds from various parts of G. lucidum sporocarp can inform better utilisation strategies in functional food and nutraceutical applications, enhancing their potential health benefits. |
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| Autores principais: | Murrube, Neivaldo José de Almeida |
| Assunto: | Ganoderma lucidum Triterpenes INFOGEST Prebiotic activity Nutritional composition LC-MS/MS |
| Ano: | 2025 |
| País: | Portugal |
| Tipo de documento: | dissertação de mestrado |
| Tipo de acesso: | acesso aberto |
| Instituição associada: | Universidade Politécnica de Bragança |
| Idioma: | inglês |
| Origem: | Biblioteca Digital da UPB |
| Resumo: | Ganoderma lucidum is a well-known medicinal mushroom, both historically and currently. Driven by the ethnopharmacological prospect and the crescent body of scientific evidence that associates G. lucidum intake with health, the interest in its metabolites, primarily triterpenes and polysaccharides, has been further fostered. Whereas most research on medicinal mushrooms has focused on the comprehensive identification and yields of metabolites throughout their different growth phases, the distribution of those compounds along the sporocarps (fruiting bodies) in the mushroom’s antler growth phase remains poorly investigated. Moreover, for the compounds in the mushroom to exert biological activities, following the ingestion they must be bioaccessible in the upper gastrointestinal tract or fermented at the colon, but no work has been dedicated to investigating the bioaccessibility of bioactive compounds from G. lucidum. This study aimed to directly compare the nutritional and chemical composition of the exterior skin and interior flesh of G. lucidum sporocarps, besides the bioaccessibility of triterpenes and prebiotic potential after digestion of both samples. Samples were provided by Käapa Biotech (Finland) and the proximate composition evaluated using Official methods. Triterpenes were extracted with hydroethanolic solution by maceration (150 rpm, 2 cycles of 1h), and Soxhlet (6 cycles), as conventional methodologies, and ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE, 47% amplitude, 15 min), as a green alternative methodology. Samples were homogenised and subjected to in vitro digestion (IVD) using the INFOGEST protocol. Extracts and bioaccessible factions were analysed by HPLC- DAD-(ESI-)HRMS/MS. The prebiotic activity with and -glucan content of the colonic residue of either sample was also investigated. Carbohydrates constituted the major component of samples, accounting for 80% of the total nutrients regardless the sporocarp part. The proximate composition of both samples was generally similar. Thirty-seven compounds were tentatively identified in both extracts and comprised lanostane-type tetracyclic triterpenes. Among the triterpenes, 16 lucidenic and 9 ganoderic acids were found, with peak 23 (lucidenic acid A, ganoderlactone B and ganolucidic acid) and peak 17 (lucidenic acid P and 7,15,?-trihydroxy- 4,4,14-trimethyl-3,11-dioxochol-8-en-24-oic acid) being the major compounds in the flesh and skin. The total triterpene content was superior in the external skin in contrast to the inner flesh (2 or 3 times) , and the proportion among some individual compounds also varied. The outer part also provided a higher average bioaccessibility of these compounds when compared with the inner part (53% and 39%, respectively). On the other hand, the inner sporocarp part showed superior prebiotic activity, evidenced by rapid bacterial growth and higher optical density across all tested strains, suggesting an enhanced fermentable substrate availability. The higher β-glucan content in the inner flesh (15.43% w/w) in contrast to the outer skin (9.77% w/w) likely contributed to its higher prebiotic effect. Whereas the external skin of G. lucidum sporocarps presented more bioaccessible triterpenes with putative health benefits, the inner part presented greater potential of promoting the gut heath by modulating gut microbiota compared to the outer skin. This is the first time a study has examined the variations of components between different parts of G. lucidum sporocarps as well as their bioaccessibilities, highlighting the differential potential of each particular part. Understanding the differential composition and bioaccessibility of compounds from various parts of G. lucidum sporocarp can inform better utilisation strategies in functional food and nutraceutical applications, enhancing their potential health benefits. |
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