Publicação
Antimicrobial residues in aquaculture species for human consumption: analytical determination and assessment of related public health hazards
| Resumo: | The production of animals intended for human consumption, including aquaculture, is nowadays strongly anchored in the use of antibacterials. These drugs aim to treat but mainly, and particularly in the aquaculture industry, to prevent the emergence and rapid spread of infectious diseases, which can compromise entire production batches. Aquaculture is probably the fastest growing food-producing sector, accounting nowadays for nearly 50 % of the world’s food fish supply for human consumption, and this share is projected to rise to 62% by 2030 as catches from wild capture fisheries level off and demand from a progressively growing world population substantially increases. This exponential growth is associated with the implementation of intensive and semi-intensive production methods and is hampered by unpredictable mortalities that may be due to negative interactions between fish and pathogenic bacteria. The use of antibiotics, to prevent these losses, is the commonly adopted solution, not always according to good practices and regulatory and scientific specifications. The use of antimicrobials in fish intended for human consumption may lead to the presence of residues of the parent compound, and also their metabolites and by-products, in edible parts of the animal, and the risk increases if such antimicrobials are used inappropriately, for example, in an untargeted manner (e.g. mass medication or use on non-susceptible microorganisms), at sub-therapeutic doses, repeatedly, or for inappropriate periods of time. There are two major concerns arising from these practices related to their effect on consumers' health. First of all, the presence of antimicrobial residues in edible tissues that, in persistent low doses, become part of the consumers' diet, and may also trigger toxic effects in hypersensitive individuals. Secondly, of no less importance, it contributes to the emergence, spread and transference of antimicrobial resistance determinants, which represents nowadays a huge threat to public health worldwide. In order to protect consumers’ health, the European Commission established maximum residue limits for veterinary medicinal products in edible products from animal origin, set performance criteria for the analytical methods employed in official residues control and requires Member States to adopt and implement a national residue monitoring plan for specific groups of residues. The aim of our work is the development and validation of analytical methodologies, according to the European Commission specifications’, for the detection and quantification of antibacterials in aquaculture farmed species, namely in gilthead sea bream, European sea bass and salmon, using multi-residue and multiclass methods, and the subsequent application of those methodologies in real samples purchased in the Portuguese retail market. In the first chapter – The use of antimicrobials in aquaculture – a bibliographic review is presented on the major aspects regarding current practices and antimicrobials’ usage profile in aquaculture industry, legal framework, and public health hazards related to the presence of antimicrobial residues in food. The second chapter reviews the most recent analytical methodologies concerning the determination of antimicrobial residues in fish, reported in the literature, given emphasis on sample procedures, extraction/purification methods, chromatographic conditions and validation techniques according to legislation. The third chapter describes the application of a validated multiclass multi-residue ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry in tandem methodology for the determination of 41 antibiotics, from seven different classes, in 29 samples of gilthead sea bream of aquaculture origin, purchased in Portugal. The fourth chapter describes the development and validation of a multiclass multi-residue method for the simultaneous detection and determination of antibacterials in European sea bass muscle. The method was based on ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS), and proved to be a rapid, highly selective and sensitive tool, requiring minimum sample preparation, for the screening and detection of 47 compounds from eight different classes. The method was applied in 30 samples of farmed European sea bass purchased in different supermarkets in Portugal The fifth chapter describes the development and validation of a fast and sensitive multi-residue and multiclass screening method, for the simultaneous determination of 44 antimicrobials in salmon muscle, from seven different classes, using ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-time-of-flight-mass spectrometry (UHPLC-ToF/MS). The method was validated, in accordance with Commission Decision 2002/657/EC, and all the compounds were successfully detected and identified at concentration levels corresponding to ½ maximum residue limit. As in the previous chapters, the validated screening methodology was applied in 39 real samples of farmed salmon purchased in Portugal. The importance of rapid, sensitive and robust techniques for the screening of antibacterial residues in farmed fish is discussed in the sixth chapter – General Discussion – along with the discussion on the results obtained for our real samples and the importance of reducing the use of these drugs in aquaculture industry, bearing in mind the public health perspective. Finally, in the last chapter, the distinctive characteristics of the developed and validated methods are highlighted, stressing the need of improvement of these methods, namely by the inclusion of other relevant antimicrobials. Also, it was concluded that an urgent reflexion needs to be undertaken, leading to concrete and major changes in the food producing industry, regarding the use of antimicrobials. |
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| Autores principais: | Ferraz, Lúcia Maria Loureiro Santos |
| Assunto: | Antibiotics Aquaculture UHPLC-MS/MS UHPLC-ToF/MS Antimicrobial Resistance Public Health |
| Ano: | 2019 |
| País: | Portugal |
| Tipo de documento: | tese de doutoramento |
| Tipo de acesso: | acesso aberto |
| Instituição associada: | Universidade de Coimbra |
| Idioma: | inglês |
| Origem: | Estudo Geral - Universidade de Coimbra |
| Resumo: | The production of animals intended for human consumption, including aquaculture, is nowadays strongly anchored in the use of antibacterials. These drugs aim to treat but mainly, and particularly in the aquaculture industry, to prevent the emergence and rapid spread of infectious diseases, which can compromise entire production batches. Aquaculture is probably the fastest growing food-producing sector, accounting nowadays for nearly 50 % of the world’s food fish supply for human consumption, and this share is projected to rise to 62% by 2030 as catches from wild capture fisheries level off and demand from a progressively growing world population substantially increases. This exponential growth is associated with the implementation of intensive and semi-intensive production methods and is hampered by unpredictable mortalities that may be due to negative interactions between fish and pathogenic bacteria. The use of antibiotics, to prevent these losses, is the commonly adopted solution, not always according to good practices and regulatory and scientific specifications. The use of antimicrobials in fish intended for human consumption may lead to the presence of residues of the parent compound, and also their metabolites and by-products, in edible parts of the animal, and the risk increases if such antimicrobials are used inappropriately, for example, in an untargeted manner (e.g. mass medication or use on non-susceptible microorganisms), at sub-therapeutic doses, repeatedly, or for inappropriate periods of time. There are two major concerns arising from these practices related to their effect on consumers' health. First of all, the presence of antimicrobial residues in edible tissues that, in persistent low doses, become part of the consumers' diet, and may also trigger toxic effects in hypersensitive individuals. Secondly, of no less importance, it contributes to the emergence, spread and transference of antimicrobial resistance determinants, which represents nowadays a huge threat to public health worldwide. In order to protect consumers’ health, the European Commission established maximum residue limits for veterinary medicinal products in edible products from animal origin, set performance criteria for the analytical methods employed in official residues control and requires Member States to adopt and implement a national residue monitoring plan for specific groups of residues. The aim of our work is the development and validation of analytical methodologies, according to the European Commission specifications’, for the detection and quantification of antibacterials in aquaculture farmed species, namely in gilthead sea bream, European sea bass and salmon, using multi-residue and multiclass methods, and the subsequent application of those methodologies in real samples purchased in the Portuguese retail market. In the first chapter – The use of antimicrobials in aquaculture – a bibliographic review is presented on the major aspects regarding current practices and antimicrobials’ usage profile in aquaculture industry, legal framework, and public health hazards related to the presence of antimicrobial residues in food. The second chapter reviews the most recent analytical methodologies concerning the determination of antimicrobial residues in fish, reported in the literature, given emphasis on sample procedures, extraction/purification methods, chromatographic conditions and validation techniques according to legislation. The third chapter describes the application of a validated multiclass multi-residue ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry in tandem methodology for the determination of 41 antibiotics, from seven different classes, in 29 samples of gilthead sea bream of aquaculture origin, purchased in Portugal. The fourth chapter describes the development and validation of a multiclass multi-residue method for the simultaneous detection and determination of antibacterials in European sea bass muscle. The method was based on ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS), and proved to be a rapid, highly selective and sensitive tool, requiring minimum sample preparation, for the screening and detection of 47 compounds from eight different classes. The method was applied in 30 samples of farmed European sea bass purchased in different supermarkets in Portugal The fifth chapter describes the development and validation of a fast and sensitive multi-residue and multiclass screening method, for the simultaneous determination of 44 antimicrobials in salmon muscle, from seven different classes, using ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-time-of-flight-mass spectrometry (UHPLC-ToF/MS). The method was validated, in accordance with Commission Decision 2002/657/EC, and all the compounds were successfully detected and identified at concentration levels corresponding to ½ maximum residue limit. As in the previous chapters, the validated screening methodology was applied in 39 real samples of farmed salmon purchased in Portugal. The importance of rapid, sensitive and robust techniques for the screening of antibacterial residues in farmed fish is discussed in the sixth chapter – General Discussion – along with the discussion on the results obtained for our real samples and the importance of reducing the use of these drugs in aquaculture industry, bearing in mind the public health perspective. Finally, in the last chapter, the distinctive characteristics of the developed and validated methods are highlighted, stressing the need of improvement of these methods, namely by the inclusion of other relevant antimicrobials. Also, it was concluded that an urgent reflexion needs to be undertaken, leading to concrete and major changes in the food producing industry, regarding the use of antimicrobials. |
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Atividades financiadas
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