Publicação
Integrated iontophoresis and sweat sensing via paper-derived laser-induced graphene soft conductors
| Resumo: | The development of mechanically compliant, functional materials toward skin-integrated electronic systems has been a rapidly evolving field, aiming at flexible and even stretchable architectures that can be mounted into curved skin surfaces and adapt to their changing topography and biomechanics. One of the components required for functional bioelectronic systems is bioelectrodes that can robustly interact with the skin to perform sensing or stimulation tasks. In this work, paper-based laser-induced graphene is studied as a compatible material for skin-integrated systems for iontophoretic sweat stimulation and sweat metabolite sensing. Based on a water-induced peel-off strategy, robust transferred LIG soft conductors using polyurethane film substrates were fabricated and characterized, showing a compatible electrical conductivity of 29.3 S cm−2 and a high graphitization yield, confirmed by scanning transmission electron microscopy and Raman spectroscopy. Based on these results, paper-based, transferred LIG/PU bioelectrode architectures were used to develop iontophoresis stimulation systems for the delivery of cholinergic agents and sweat secretion activation. The delivery of carbachol as a model cholinergic agent was studied, demonstrating the capability of stimulating up to 60 μL of sweat with a 10-minute stimulation period, over a period of 1 hour. The iontophoresis system was also integrated with a flexible LIG-based enzymatic glucose sensor, showing a high sensitivity of 29.73 μA mM−1 cm−2 and a limit of detection of 5.45 μM, capable of distinguishing glucose levels at fasted and post-prandial states, using more sustainable materials and resource-efficient fabrication, towards non-invasive sweat metabolite quantification. |
|---|---|
| Autores principais: | Pinheiro, Tomás |
| Outros Autores: | de Almeida, Henrique Vazão; Nunes, Daniela; Martins, Rodrigo; Fortunato, Elvira |
| Assunto: | General Materials Science Mechanics of Materials Process Chemistry and Technology Electrical and Electronic Engineering |
| Ano: | 2025 |
| País: | Portugal |
| Tipo de documento: | artigo |
| Tipo de acesso: | acesso aberto |
| Instituição associada: | Universidade Nova de Lisboa |
| Idioma: | inglês |
| Origem: | Repositório Institucional da UNL |
| _version_ | 1879447748256727040 |
|---|---|
| author | Pinheiro, Tomás |
| author2 | de Almeida, Henrique Vazão Nunes, Daniela Martins, Rodrigo Fortunato, Elvira |
| author2_role | author author author author |
| author_facet | Pinheiro, Tomás de Almeida, Henrique Vazão Nunes, Daniela Martins, Rodrigo Fortunato, Elvira |
| author_role | author |
| contributor_name_str_mv | CENIMAT-i3N - Centro de Investigação de Materiais (Lab. Associado I3N) DCM - Departamento de Ciência dos Materiais RSC - Royal Society of Chemistry RUN |
| country_str | PT |
| creators_json_txt | [{\"Person.name\":\"Pinheiro, Tomás\"},{\"Person.name\":\"de Almeida, Henrique Vazão\"},{\"Person.name\":\"Nunes, Daniela\"},{\"Person.name\":\"Martins, Rodrigo\"},{\"Person.name\":\"Fortunato, Elvira\"}] |
| datacite.contributors.contributor.contributorName.fl_str_mv | CENIMAT-i3N - Centro de Investigação de Materiais (Lab. Associado I3N) DCM - Departamento de Ciência dos Materiais RSC - Royal Society of Chemistry RUN |
| datacite.creators.creator.creatorName.fl_str_mv | Pinheiro, Tomás de Almeida, Henrique Vazão Nunes, Daniela Martins, Rodrigo Fortunato, Elvira |
| datacite.date.Accepted.fl_str_mv | 2025-07-08T00:00:00Z |
| datacite.date.available.fl_str_mv | 2025-09-23T22:26:36Z |
| datacite.date.embargoed.fl_str_mv | 2025-09-23T22:26:36Z |
| datacite.rights.fl_str_mv | http://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_abf2 |
| datacite.subjects.subject.fl_str_mv | General Materials Science Mechanics of Materials Process Chemistry and Technology Electrical and Electronic Engineering |
| datacite.titles.title.fl_str_mv | Integrated iontophoresis and sweat sensing via paper-derived laser-induced graphene soft conductors |
| dc.contributor.none.fl_str_mv | CENIMAT-i3N - Centro de Investigação de Materiais (Lab. Associado I3N) DCM - Departamento de Ciência dos Materiais RSC - Royal Society of Chemistry RUN |
| dc.creator.none.fl_str_mv | Pinheiro, Tomás de Almeida, Henrique Vazão Nunes, Daniela Martins, Rodrigo Fortunato, Elvira |
| dc.date.Accepted.fl_str_mv | 2025-07-08T00:00:00Z |
| dc.date.available.fl_str_mv | 2025-09-23T22:26:36Z |
| dc.date.embargoed.fl_str_mv | 2025-09-23T22:26:36Z |
| dc.format.none.fl_str_mv | application/pdf |
| dc.identifier.none.fl_str_mv | http://hdl.handle.net/10362/188489 |
| dc.language.none.fl_str_mv | eng |
| dc.rights.none.fl_str_mv | http://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_abf2 |
| dc.subject.none.fl_str_mv | General Materials Science Mechanics of Materials Process Chemistry and Technology Electrical and Electronic Engineering |
| dc.title.fl_str_mv | Integrated iontophoresis and sweat sensing via paper-derived laser-induced graphene soft conductors |
| dc.type.none.fl_str_mv | http://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_6501 |
| description | The development of mechanically compliant, functional materials toward skin-integrated electronic systems has been a rapidly evolving field, aiming at flexible and even stretchable architectures that can be mounted into curved skin surfaces and adapt to their changing topography and biomechanics. One of the components required for functional bioelectronic systems is bioelectrodes that can robustly interact with the skin to perform sensing or stimulation tasks. In this work, paper-based laser-induced graphene is studied as a compatible material for skin-integrated systems for iontophoretic sweat stimulation and sweat metabolite sensing. Based on a water-induced peel-off strategy, robust transferred LIG soft conductors using polyurethane film substrates were fabricated and characterized, showing a compatible electrical conductivity of 29.3 S cm−2 and a high graphitization yield, confirmed by scanning transmission electron microscopy and Raman spectroscopy. Based on these results, paper-based, transferred LIG/PU bioelectrode architectures were used to develop iontophoresis stimulation systems for the delivery of cholinergic agents and sweat secretion activation. The delivery of carbachol as a model cholinergic agent was studied, demonstrating the capability of stimulating up to 60 μL of sweat with a 10-minute stimulation period, over a period of 1 hour. The iontophoresis system was also integrated with a flexible LIG-based enzymatic glucose sensor, showing a high sensitivity of 29.73 μA mM−1 cm−2 and a limit of detection of 5.45 μM, capable of distinguishing glucose levels at fasted and post-prandial states, using more sustainable materials and resource-efficient fabrication, towards non-invasive sweat metabolite quantification. |
| dirty | 0 |
| eu_rights_str_mv | openAccess |
| format | article |
| fulltext.url.fl_str_mv | https://run.unl.pt/bitstreams/35347ff6-8184-4866-82e1-1a5471df303f/download |
| funder_facet_str_mv | EC{{{_:::_}}}European Commission |
| funding.funder.alternateName_str_mv | EC |
| funding.funder.identifier_str_mv | http://doi.org/10.13039/501100008530 |
| funding.funder.name_str_mv | European Commission |
| funding.identifier_str_mv | 101008701 |
| funding.name_str_mv | H2020 |
| funding_str_mv | 101008701 info:eu-repo/grantAgreement/EC/H2020/101008701/EU |
| id | run_d10a371c253492ab4f3cf079fc77ebf9 |
| identifier.url.fl_str_mv | http://hdl.handle.net/10362/188489 |
| inst_facet_str | urn:organizationAcronym:unl{{{_:::_}}}Universidade Nova de Lisboa |
| instacron_str | unl |
| institution | Universidade Nova de Lisboa |
| instname_str | Universidade Nova de Lisboa |
| language | eng |
| network_acronym_str | run |
| network_name_str | Repositório Institucional da UNL |
| oai_identifier_str | oai:run.unl.pt:10362/188489 |
| organization_str_mv | urn:organizationAcronym:unl |
| person_str_mv | Pinheiro, Tomás de Almeida, Henrique Vazão Nunes, Daniela Martins, Rodrigo Fortunato, Elvira |
| publishDate | 2025 |
| repo_facet_str | urn:repositoryAcronym:run{{{_:::_}}}Repositório Institucional da UNL |
| reponame_str | Repositório Institucional da UNL |
| repository_id_str | urn:repositoryAcronym:run |
| service_str_mv | urn:repositoryAcronym:run |
| spelling | engenThe development of mechanically compliant, functional materials toward skin-integrated electronic systems has been a rapidly evolving field, aiming at flexible and even stretchable architectures that can be mounted into curved skin surfaces and adapt to their changing topography and biomechanics. One of the components required for functional bioelectronic systems is bioelectrodes that can robustly interact with the skin to perform sensing or stimulation tasks. In this work, paper-based laser-induced graphene is studied as a compatible material for skin-integrated systems for iontophoretic sweat stimulation and sweat metabolite sensing. Based on a water-induced peel-off strategy, robust transferred LIG soft conductors using polyurethane film substrates were fabricated and characterized, showing a compatible electrical conductivity of 29.3 S cm−2 and a high graphitization yield, confirmed by scanning transmission electron microscopy and Raman spectroscopy. Based on these results, paper-based, transferred LIG/PU bioelectrode architectures were used to develop iontophoresis stimulation systems for the delivery of cholinergic agents and sweat secretion activation. The delivery of carbachol as a model cholinergic agent was studied, demonstrating the capability of stimulating up to 60 μL of sweat with a 10-minute stimulation period, over a period of 1 hour. The iontophoresis system was also integrated with a flexible LIG-based enzymatic glucose sensor, showing a high sensitivity of 29.73 μA mM−1 cm−2 and a limit of detection of 5.45 μM, capable of distinguishing glucose levels at fasted and post-prandial states, using more sustainable materials and resource-efficient fabrication, towards non-invasive sweat metabolite quantification.application/pdfenIntegrated iontophoresis and sweat sensing via paper-derived laser-induced graphene soft conductorsPinheiro, Tomásde Almeida, Henrique VazãoNunes, DanielaMartins, RodrigoFortunato, ElviraCENIMAT-i3N - Centro de Investigação de Materiais (Lab. Associado I3N)DCM - Departamento de Ciência dos MateriaisRSC - Royal Society of ChemistryHostingInstitutionOrganizationalRUNe-mailmailto:run@unl.ptrun@unl.ptISSNIsPartOf2051-6347URNIsPartOfPURE: 130148338URNIsPartOfPURE UUID: 55a05e83-6002-415a-b808-adfa2c7baa14URNIsPartOfScopus: 105010882080DOIIsPartOf10.1039/d5mh00569h2025-09-23T22:26:36Z2025-07-082025-07-08T00:00:00ZHandlehttp://hdl.handle.net/10362/188489http://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_abf2open accessGeneral Materials ScienceMechanics of MaterialsProcess Chemistry and TechnologyElectrical and Electronic Engineering6087453 bytesEuropean CommissionEmerging Printed Electronics Research Infrastructure (EMERGE)info:eu-repo/grantAgreement/EC/H2020/101008701/EU101008701H2020Crossref Funder IDhttp://doi.org/10.13039/501100008530literaturehttp://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_6501journal articlehttp://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_abf2application/pdffulltexthttps://run.unl.pt/bitstreams/35347ff6-8184-4866-82e1-1a5471df303f/download |
| spellingShingle | Integrated iontophoresis and sweat sensing via paper-derived laser-induced graphene soft conductors Pinheiro, Tomás General Materials Science Mechanics of Materials Process Chemistry and Technology Electrical and Electronic Engineering |
| status | SINGLETON |
| subject.fl_str_mv | General Materials Science Mechanics of Materials Process Chemistry and Technology Electrical and Electronic Engineering |
| title | Integrated iontophoresis and sweat sensing via paper-derived laser-induced graphene soft conductors |
| title_full | Integrated iontophoresis and sweat sensing via paper-derived laser-induced graphene soft conductors |
| title_fullStr | Integrated iontophoresis and sweat sensing via paper-derived laser-induced graphene soft conductors |
| title_full_unstemmed | Integrated iontophoresis and sweat sensing via paper-derived laser-induced graphene soft conductors |
| title_short | Integrated iontophoresis and sweat sensing via paper-derived laser-induced graphene soft conductors |
| title_sort | Integrated iontophoresis and sweat sensing via paper-derived laser-induced graphene soft conductors |
| topic | General Materials Science Mechanics of Materials Process Chemistry and Technology Electrical and Electronic Engineering |
| topic_facet | General Materials Science Mechanics of Materials Process Chemistry and Technology Electrical and Electronic Engineering |
| url | http://hdl.handle.net/10362/188489 |
| visible | 1 |