Publicação
Development of optical fiber sensors to evaluate the performance and safety of lithium-ion batteries
| Resumo: | Society’s dependency on fossil fuels is becoming a critical obstacle regarding environmental sustainability. The concentrated political power on institutions related to the fossil fuel market represents a worldwide energy dependence. Alternative energy sources could be explored to supply the energetic needs of human activity and better distribute the energy supply around the world. However, to be able to make use of these alternative energies is mandatory to consume them right away or to store them as potential energy, otherwise, they would be wasted. Multiple initiatives are investing and aiming to reduce the usage of fossil fuels by stimulating the research and development of alternative energy sources, together with energy storage development is crucial to potentialize the utilization and adoption of such alternative energies. Nowadays, rechargeable Li-ion batteries are the most adopted, scalable, and demanded energy storage devices in the world. The scarcity of information regarding the interior of the LiBs currently hinders the improvement of the accuracy and predicting capabilities of current battery management algorithms and models, while equally limiting attempts to refine the battery thermal design due to the absence of heat-transfer information. This has led to increasing interest in spatiotemporal imaging of the thermal flows within a cell using temperature sensors. The tracking of gas production and/or pressure variations are also very recent topics of sensing inside the LIBs. However, due to the difficulty and complexity of sensing, the integration of the sensors inside the battery cells being necessary, they were not yet so explored. In this work, hybrid optical fiber sensors based on Fabry-Perot Interferometers (FPIs) and Fiber Bragg Grating (FBG) sensors were successfully developed and characterized to discriminate two impactful parameters (pressure and temperature) internally and externally simultaneously on cylindrical lithium-ion batteries (LiB) in order to improve their operation in safety conditions. The proposed hybrid sensors consist of a photosensitive single-mode fiber (SMF), where the FBGs were inscribed and spliced to a small section of a hollow-core fiber (HCF). To create the FPI, the HCF’s tip was submerged in a UV-photosensitive polymer, creating three cavities and two observable light beam interferences in the optical spectrum, resulting in two Fabry-Perot responses. Out of four created sensors with different HCF and liquid polymer cavity’s lengths, three of them were calibrated to temperature and pressure. By tracking the FP fringes and the resulting envelope shifts of the spectral responses, it achieved higher sensitivities for the hybrid sensor with 175.86 μm and 26.38 μm of cavities’ lengths for the envelope analysis, with 31.65 nm/bar and 1.53 nm/°C, with the pressure sensitivity being the highest recorded value for this type of configuration. After calibrating steps, the hybrid sensor D was selected and embedded inside a commercial LG 18650 LiB to internally dual-parameter sensing. The placement of the FBGs and the Fabry-Perot cavity allow the detection of pressure in all battery and temperature changes near the negative and positive terminals, and in the middle of the battery during several galvanostatic cycles. Externally, were also placed one optical fiber with four FBGs to acquire external temperature variations in the outer case, being one of them outside of the case to ambient temperature control. Galvanostatic cyclic tests were performed through different temperatures, 25.0 and 40.0 °C. The online detection of the FP fringes and FBGs peaks allows, through a matrixial method discrimination, obtain the temperature and pressure variations. It resulted in successful temperature and pressure readings, resembling some occurrences presented in the available literature and other findings which concerns to pressure and temperature behaviours in different battery locations can be highlighted, like some of the thermal events were undetected by the external FBG sensors. Although some key factors need to be further studied to understand the potential of this sensor, like the long-term stability, however this hybrid sensor design has enormous potential to perform simultaneous measurements of internal pressure and temperature shifts during normal and abnormal working conditions of an 18650 LiB. |
|---|---|
| Autores principais: | Freitas, Fábio Henrique Baptista de |
| Assunto: | Optical fiber sensors Lithium-ion batteries Pressure Temperature Simultaneous tracking |
| Ano: | 2022 |
| País: | Portugal |
| Tipo de documento: | dissertação de mestrado |
| Tipo de acesso: | acesso aberto |
| Instituição associada: | Universidade de Aveiro |
| Idioma: | inglês |
| Origem: | RIA - Repositório Institucional da Universidade de Aveiro |
| _version_ | 1877769306503118848 |
|---|---|
| author | Freitas, Fábio Henrique Baptista de |
| author_facet | Freitas, Fábio Henrique Baptista de |
| author_role | author |
| country_str | PT |
| creators_json_txt | [{\"Person.name\":\"Freitas, Fábio Henrique Baptista de\"}] |
| datacite.creators.creator.creatorName.fl_str_mv | Freitas, Fábio Henrique Baptista de |
| datacite.date.Accepted.fl_str_mv | 2022-12-07T00:00:00Z |
| datacite.date.available.fl_str_mv | 2023-07-10T15:17:40Z |
| datacite.date.embargoed.fl_str_mv | 2023-07-10T15:17:40Z |
| datacite.rights.fl_str_mv | http://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_abf2 |
| datacite.subjects.subject.fl_str_mv | Optical fiber sensors Lithium-ion batteries Pressure Temperature Simultaneous tracking |
| datacite.titles.title.fl_str_mv | Development of optical fiber sensors to evaluate the performance and safety of lithium-ion batteries |
| dc.creator.none.fl_str_mv | Freitas, Fábio Henrique Baptista de |
| dc.date.Accepted.fl_str_mv | 2022-12-07T00:00:00Z |
| dc.date.available.fl_str_mv | 2023-07-10T15:17:40Z |
| dc.date.embargoed.fl_str_mv | 2023-07-10T15:17:40Z |
| dc.description.none.fl_str_mv | A dependência da sociedade em combustíveis fósseis está a tornar-se num grande obstáculo no que toca à sustentabilidade ambiental. O poder político concentrado nas instituições relacionadas com o mercado de combustíveis fósseis representa uma dependência energética global. Fontes de energia alternativas podem ser exploradas para fornecer toda a energia da atividade humana e distribuí-la melhor pelo mundo. Todavia, para se utilizar estas energias alternativas, é necessário consumi-las imediatamente ou armazená-las como energia potencial, senão serão desperdiçadas. Múltiplas áreas estão a investir para procurar reduzir o uso de combustíveis fósseis ao estimular a investigação e o desenvolvimento de fontes de energia alternativas que, juntamente com o desenvolvimento de formas de armazenar energia, é crucial para potencializar a utilização e adoção de tais energias. Atualmente, baterias de iões de Lítio (LiBs) são as mais utilizadas, escaladas e pedidas fontes de armazenamento de energia pelo mundo. A falta de informação sobre o interior das baterias atualmente dificulta o aumento da precisão e capacidade de previsão dos atuais algoritmos e modelos dos sistemas de gestão das baterias (BMS), enquanto limita as tentativas para refinar o design térmico das baterias devido à ausência de informação sobre as transferências de calor. Isto levou ao aumento do interesse nas imagens tempo-espaciais dos fluxos térmicos dentro de uma bateria através de sensores de temperatura. O acompanhamento da variação de produção de gases e/ou de pressão são também tópicos recentes em sensores dentro de LiBs. No entanto, devido à dificuldade e complexidade de deteção, a integração dos sensores dentro de baterias, sendo necessárias, não estão a ser exploradas. Neste trabalho, sensores de fibra ótica híbridos baseados em Interferómetros Fabry-Perot (FPIs) e em redes de Bragg (FBGs) foram desenvolvidos e caraterizados com sucesso para discriminar simultaneamente dois fatores impactantes, pressão e temperatura, em LiBs cilíndricas para melhorar a sua operação em condições de segurança. O sensor híbrido proposto consiste numa fibra monomodo (SMF), onde foram gravadas FBGs, fundida com um curto segmento de tubo oco cilíndrico (HCF). Para criar o FPI, a ponta da HCF foi mergulhada num polímero líquido, fotossensível (PS) a radiação ultravioleta (UV), criando três cavidades e duas interferências visíveis no espetro ótico, resultando em duas respostas Fabry-Perot. Dos quatro sensores fabricados com diferentes comprimentos de HCF, três deles foram calibrados à temperatura e à pressão. Ao seguir a variação das franjas das respostas Fabry-Perot e dos envelopes resultantes, atingiu-se maiores sensibilidades para o sensor híbrido com 175.86 μm e 26.38 μm de comprimento das cavidades através da análise dos envelopes com 31.65 nm/bar e 1.53 nm/°C, sendo a sensibilidade à pressão o maior valor registado para sensores nesta configuração. Após a calibração, o sensor híbrido D foi selecionado e colocado dentro de uma LiB comercial LG 18650 para medir internamente os dois parâmetros. O posicionamento das FBGs e da cavidade Fabry-Perot permitem a deteção de variações de pressão no terminal positivo da bateria, e de temperatura perto dos terminais negativos e positivos, e no meio da mesma, durante os testes cíclicos galvanostáticos. Externamente, foi acrescentada uma fibra ótica com quatro FBGs para adquirir as variações de temperatura externas na cápsula protetora da bateria, sendo uma delas destinadas ao controlo da temperatura ambiente. Os testes galvanostáticos foram realizados a diferentes temperaturas, 25.0 °C e a 40.0 °C. A deteção em tempo real das franjas Fabry-Perot e dos picos das FBGs permitiu, através de um método de discriminação matricial, obter as variações de temperatura e pressão. Resultou em leituras bem-sucedidas de temperatura e pressão, apresentando comportamentos similares a descritos pela literatura e vários comportamentos referentes aos sinais de temperatura e pressão foram identificados, tal como alguns eventos térmicos que foram detetados pelas FBGs externas. Apesar de alguns fatores importantes ainda precisarem de algum aprofundamento para se avaliar o potencial deste sensor híbrido, como a estabilidade a longo termo, este sensor tem um enorme potencial para realizar medições simultâneas das variações de pressão e temperatura nas 18650 LiBs, durante os seus períodos de normal e anormal funcionamento. |
| dc.format.none.fl_str_mv | application/pdf |
| dc.identifier.none.fl_str_mv | http://hdl.handle.net/10773/38498 |
| dc.language.none.fl_str_mv | eng |
| dc.rights.none.fl_str_mv | http://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_abf2 |
| dc.subject.none.fl_str_mv | Optical fiber sensors Lithium-ion batteries Pressure Temperature Simultaneous tracking |
| dc.title.fl_str_mv | Development of optical fiber sensors to evaluate the performance and safety of lithium-ion batteries |
| dc.type.none.fl_str_mv | http://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_bdcc |
| description | Society’s dependency on fossil fuels is becoming a critical obstacle regarding environmental sustainability. The concentrated political power on institutions related to the fossil fuel market represents a worldwide energy dependence. Alternative energy sources could be explored to supply the energetic needs of human activity and better distribute the energy supply around the world. However, to be able to make use of these alternative energies is mandatory to consume them right away or to store them as potential energy, otherwise, they would be wasted. Multiple initiatives are investing and aiming to reduce the usage of fossil fuels by stimulating the research and development of alternative energy sources, together with energy storage development is crucial to potentialize the utilization and adoption of such alternative energies. Nowadays, rechargeable Li-ion batteries are the most adopted, scalable, and demanded energy storage devices in the world. The scarcity of information regarding the interior of the LiBs currently hinders the improvement of the accuracy and predicting capabilities of current battery management algorithms and models, while equally limiting attempts to refine the battery thermal design due to the absence of heat-transfer information. This has led to increasing interest in spatiotemporal imaging of the thermal flows within a cell using temperature sensors. The tracking of gas production and/or pressure variations are also very recent topics of sensing inside the LIBs. However, due to the difficulty and complexity of sensing, the integration of the sensors inside the battery cells being necessary, they were not yet so explored. In this work, hybrid optical fiber sensors based on Fabry-Perot Interferometers (FPIs) and Fiber Bragg Grating (FBG) sensors were successfully developed and characterized to discriminate two impactful parameters (pressure and temperature) internally and externally simultaneously on cylindrical lithium-ion batteries (LiB) in order to improve their operation in safety conditions. The proposed hybrid sensors consist of a photosensitive single-mode fiber (SMF), where the FBGs were inscribed and spliced to a small section of a hollow-core fiber (HCF). To create the FPI, the HCF’s tip was submerged in a UV-photosensitive polymer, creating three cavities and two observable light beam interferences in the optical spectrum, resulting in two Fabry-Perot responses. Out of four created sensors with different HCF and liquid polymer cavity’s lengths, three of them were calibrated to temperature and pressure. By tracking the FP fringes and the resulting envelope shifts of the spectral responses, it achieved higher sensitivities for the hybrid sensor with 175.86 μm and 26.38 μm of cavities’ lengths for the envelope analysis, with 31.65 nm/bar and 1.53 nm/°C, with the pressure sensitivity being the highest recorded value for this type of configuration. After calibrating steps, the hybrid sensor D was selected and embedded inside a commercial LG 18650 LiB to internally dual-parameter sensing. The placement of the FBGs and the Fabry-Perot cavity allow the detection of pressure in all battery and temperature changes near the negative and positive terminals, and in the middle of the battery during several galvanostatic cycles. Externally, were also placed one optical fiber with four FBGs to acquire external temperature variations in the outer case, being one of them outside of the case to ambient temperature control. Galvanostatic cyclic tests were performed through different temperatures, 25.0 and 40.0 °C. The online detection of the FP fringes and FBGs peaks allows, through a matrixial method discrimination, obtain the temperature and pressure variations. It resulted in successful temperature and pressure readings, resembling some occurrences presented in the available literature and other findings which concerns to pressure and temperature behaviours in different battery locations can be highlighted, like some of the thermal events were undetected by the external FBG sensors. Although some key factors need to be further studied to understand the potential of this sensor, like the long-term stability, however this hybrid sensor design has enormous potential to perform simultaneous measurements of internal pressure and temperature shifts during normal and abnormal working conditions of an 18650 LiB. |
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| identifier.url.fl_str_mv | http://hdl.handle.net/10773/38498 |
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| person_str_mv | Freitas, Fábio Henrique Baptista de |
| publishDate | 2022 |
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| spelling | pt_PTSociety’s dependency on fossil fuels is becoming a critical obstacle regarding environmental sustainability. The concentrated political power on institutions related to the fossil fuel market represents a worldwide energy dependence. Alternative energy sources could be explored to supply the energetic needs of human activity and better distribute the energy supply around the world. However, to be able to make use of these alternative energies is mandatory to consume them right away or to store them as potential energy, otherwise, they would be wasted. Multiple initiatives are investing and aiming to reduce the usage of fossil fuels by stimulating the research and development of alternative energy sources, together with energy storage development is crucial to potentialize the utilization and adoption of such alternative energies. Nowadays, rechargeable Li-ion batteries are the most adopted, scalable, and demanded energy storage devices in the world. The scarcity of information regarding the interior of the LiBs currently hinders the improvement of the accuracy and predicting capabilities of current battery management algorithms and models, while equally limiting attempts to refine the battery thermal design due to the absence of heat-transfer information. This has led to increasing interest in spatiotemporal imaging of the thermal flows within a cell using temperature sensors. The tracking of gas production and/or pressure variations are also very recent topics of sensing inside the LIBs. However, due to the difficulty and complexity of sensing, the integration of the sensors inside the battery cells being necessary, they were not yet so explored. In this work, hybrid optical fiber sensors based on Fabry-Perot Interferometers (FPIs) and Fiber Bragg Grating (FBG) sensors were successfully developed and characterized to discriminate two impactful parameters (pressure and temperature) internally and externally simultaneously on cylindrical lithium-ion batteries (LiB) in order to improve their operation in safety conditions. The proposed hybrid sensors consist of a photosensitive single-mode fiber (SMF), where the FBGs were inscribed and spliced to a small section of a hollow-core fiber (HCF). To create the FPI, the HCF’s tip was submerged in a UV-photosensitive polymer, creating three cavities and two observable light beam interferences in the optical spectrum, resulting in two Fabry-Perot responses. Out of four created sensors with different HCF and liquid polymer cavity’s lengths, three of them were calibrated to temperature and pressure. By tracking the FP fringes and the resulting envelope shifts of the spectral responses, it achieved higher sensitivities for the hybrid sensor with 175.86 μm and 26.38 μm of cavities’ lengths for the envelope analysis, with 31.65 nm/bar and 1.53 nm/°C, with the pressure sensitivity being the highest recorded value for this type of configuration. After calibrating steps, the hybrid sensor D was selected and embedded inside a commercial LG 18650 LiB to internally dual-parameter sensing. The placement of the FBGs and the Fabry-Perot cavity allow the detection of pressure in all battery and temperature changes near the negative and positive terminals, and in the middle of the battery during several galvanostatic cycles. Externally, were also placed one optical fiber with four FBGs to acquire external temperature variations in the outer case, being one of them outside of the case to ambient temperature control. Galvanostatic cyclic tests were performed through different temperatures, 25.0 and 40.0 °C. The online detection of the FP fringes and FBGs peaks allows, through a matrixial method discrimination, obtain the temperature and pressure variations. It resulted in successful temperature and pressure readings, resembling some occurrences presented in the available literature and other findings which concerns to pressure and temperature behaviours in different battery locations can be highlighted, like some of the thermal events were undetected by the external FBG sensors. Although some key factors need to be further studied to understand the potential of this sensor, like the long-term stability, however this hybrid sensor design has enormous potential to perform simultaneous measurements of internal pressure and temperature shifts during normal and abnormal working conditions of an 18650 LiB.pt_PTA dependência da sociedade em combustíveis fósseis está a tornar-se num grande obstáculo no que toca à sustentabilidade ambiental. O poder político concentrado nas instituições relacionadas com o mercado de combustíveis fósseis representa uma dependência energética global. Fontes de energia alternativas podem ser exploradas para fornecer toda a energia da atividade humana e distribuí-la melhor pelo mundo. Todavia, para se utilizar estas energias alternativas, é necessário consumi-las imediatamente ou armazená-las como energia potencial, senão serão desperdiçadas. Múltiplas áreas estão a investir para procurar reduzir o uso de combustíveis fósseis ao estimular a investigação e o desenvolvimento de fontes de energia alternativas que, juntamente com o desenvolvimento de formas de armazenar energia, é crucial para potencializar a utilização e adoção de tais energias. Atualmente, baterias de iões de Lítio (LiBs) são as mais utilizadas, escaladas e pedidas fontes de armazenamento de energia pelo mundo. A falta de informação sobre o interior das baterias atualmente dificulta o aumento da precisão e capacidade de previsão dos atuais algoritmos e modelos dos sistemas de gestão das baterias (BMS), enquanto limita as tentativas para refinar o design térmico das baterias devido à ausência de informação sobre as transferências de calor. Isto levou ao aumento do interesse nas imagens tempo-espaciais dos fluxos térmicos dentro de uma bateria através de sensores de temperatura. O acompanhamento da variação de produção de gases e/ou de pressão são também tópicos recentes em sensores dentro de LiBs. No entanto, devido à dificuldade e complexidade de deteção, a integração dos sensores dentro de baterias, sendo necessárias, não estão a ser exploradas. Neste trabalho, sensores de fibra ótica híbridos baseados em Interferómetros Fabry-Perot (FPIs) e em redes de Bragg (FBGs) foram desenvolvidos e caraterizados com sucesso para discriminar simultaneamente dois fatores impactantes, pressão e temperatura, em LiBs cilíndricas para melhorar a sua operação em condições de segurança. O sensor híbrido proposto consiste numa fibra monomodo (SMF), onde foram gravadas FBGs, fundida com um curto segmento de tubo oco cilíndrico (HCF). Para criar o FPI, a ponta da HCF foi mergulhada num polímero líquido, fotossensível (PS) a radiação ultravioleta (UV), criando três cavidades e duas interferências visíveis no espetro ótico, resultando em duas respostas Fabry-Perot. Dos quatro sensores fabricados com diferentes comprimentos de HCF, três deles foram calibrados à temperatura e à pressão. Ao seguir a variação das franjas das respostas Fabry-Perot e dos envelopes resultantes, atingiu-se maiores sensibilidades para o sensor híbrido com 175.86 μm e 26.38 μm de comprimento das cavidades através da análise dos envelopes com 31.65 nm/bar e 1.53 nm/°C, sendo a sensibilidade à pressão o maior valor registado para sensores nesta configuração. Após a calibração, o sensor híbrido D foi selecionado e colocado dentro de uma LiB comercial LG 18650 para medir internamente os dois parâmetros. O posicionamento das FBGs e da cavidade Fabry-Perot permitem a deteção de variações de pressão no terminal positivo da bateria, e de temperatura perto dos terminais negativos e positivos, e no meio da mesma, durante os testes cíclicos galvanostáticos. Externamente, foi acrescentada uma fibra ótica com quatro FBGs para adquirir as variações de temperatura externas na cápsula protetora da bateria, sendo uma delas destinadas ao controlo da temperatura ambiente. Os testes galvanostáticos foram realizados a diferentes temperaturas, 25.0 °C e a 40.0 °C. A deteção em tempo real das franjas Fabry-Perot e dos picos das FBGs permitiu, através de um método de discriminação matricial, obter as variações de temperatura e pressão. Resultou em leituras bem-sucedidas de temperatura e pressão, apresentando comportamentos similares a descritos pela literatura e vários comportamentos referentes aos sinais de temperatura e pressão foram identificados, tal como alguns eventos térmicos que foram detetados pelas FBGs externas. Apesar de alguns fatores importantes ainda precisarem de algum aprofundamento para se avaliar o potencial deste sensor híbrido, como a estabilidade a longo termo, este sensor tem um enorme potencial para realizar medições simultâneas das variações de pressão e temperatura nas 18650 LiBs, durante os seus períodos de normal e anormal funcionamento.application/pdfengpt_PTDevelopment of optical fiber sensors to evaluate the performance and safety of lithium-ion batteriesFreitas, Fábio Henrique Baptista deHandlehttp://hdl.handle.net/10773/384982023-07-10T15:17:40Z2022-12-07T00:00:00Z2022-12-07http://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_abf2open accesspt_PTOptical fiber sensorspt_PTLithium-ion batteriespt_PTPressurept_PTTemperaturept_PTSimultaneous tracking4553845 byteshttp://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_abf2application/pdffulltexthttps://ria.ua.pt/bitstream/10773/38498/1/Documento_F%c3%a1bio_Freitas.pdfother research producthttp://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_bdccmaster thesis |
| spellingShingle | Development of optical fiber sensors to evaluate the performance and safety of lithium-ion batteries Freitas, Fábio Henrique Baptista de Optical fiber sensors Lithium-ion batteries Pressure Temperature Simultaneous tracking |
| status | SINGLETON |
| subject.fl_str_mv | Optical fiber sensors Lithium-ion batteries Pressure Temperature Simultaneous tracking |
| title | Development of optical fiber sensors to evaluate the performance and safety of lithium-ion batteries |
| title_full | Development of optical fiber sensors to evaluate the performance and safety of lithium-ion batteries |
| title_fullStr | Development of optical fiber sensors to evaluate the performance and safety of lithium-ion batteries |
| title_full_unstemmed | Development of optical fiber sensors to evaluate the performance and safety of lithium-ion batteries |
| title_short | Development of optical fiber sensors to evaluate the performance and safety of lithium-ion batteries |
| title_sort | Development of optical fiber sensors to evaluate the performance and safety of lithium-ion batteries |
| topic | Optical fiber sensors Lithium-ion batteries Pressure Temperature Simultaneous tracking |
| topic_facet | Optical fiber sensors Lithium-ion batteries Pressure Temperature Simultaneous tracking |
| url | http://hdl.handle.net/10773/38498 |
| visible | 1 |
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