Publication
Analyzing Breathing Patterns in the Breaststroke Technique Through Dual-Media Kinematics and Fractal Dimension
| Summary: | The most hydrodynamic swimming position occurs with the head submerged, highlighting the benefit of reduced breathing frequency for efficiency. This study aimed to characterize and compare kinematics between two breaststroke breathing patterns—breathing every cycle and breathing every two cycles—while also analyzing intra-cyclic velocity variation (dv) and fractal dimension. In the breathing every cycle pattern, each cycle included a breath. In the breathing every cycle pattern, swimmers breathed once per cycle. In the breathing every two cycles pattern, breathing occurred every second cycle, resulting in three types of cycles: breathing, non-breathing, and the breathing cycle following a non-breathing cycle. To ensure familiarity with the new breathing pattern, swimmers underwent a six-week intervention program. They then performed three maximal 25 m bouts in each breathing pattern. Kinematic data were collected using a dual-media optoelectronic system (Qualisys AB, Sweden), integrating underwater and dry-land camera recordings. The results showed minimal differences between the three cycle types. The non-breathing cycle had the shallowest and deepest head positions, the lowest horizontal head amplitude out of water, and the smallest vertical head amplitude. It also had the fastest maximum vertical velocity of the feet and maximum center of mass velocity in the swimming direction. |
|---|---|
| Main Authors: | Alves, Miriam |
| Other Authors: | Fonseca, Pedro; Fernandes, Aléxia; Brito, André V.; Barbosa, Tiago M.; Vilas-Boas, João Paulo |
| Subject: | Breathing patterns Center of mass Kinematics Swimming |
| Year: | 2025 |
| Country: | Portugal |
| Document type: | article |
| Access type: | open access |
| Associated institution: | Universidade Politécnica de Bragança |
| Language: | English |
| Origin: | Biblioteca Digital da UPB |
| _version_ | 1877782581026488320 |
|---|---|
| author | Alves, Miriam |
| author2 | Fonseca, Pedro Fernandes, Aléxia Brito, André V. Barbosa, Tiago M. Vilas-Boas, João Paulo |
| author2_role | author author author author author |
| author_facet | Alves, Miriam Fonseca, Pedro Fernandes, Aléxia Brito, André V. Barbosa, Tiago M. Vilas-Boas, João Paulo |
| author_role | author |
| contributor_name_str_mv | Biblioteca Digital da UPB |
| country_str | PT |
| creators_json_txt | [{\"Person.name\":\"Alves, Miriam\"},{\"Person.name\":\"Fonseca, Pedro\"},{\"Person.name\":\"Fernandes, Aléxia\"},{\"Person.name\":\"Brito, André V.\"},{\"Person.name\":\"Barbosa, Tiago M.\",\"Person.identifier.cienciaID\":\"8B11-BDC4-F6FF\",\"Person.identifier.orcid\":\"0000-0001-7071-2116\",\"Person.identifier.scopusAuthorID\":\"10044856400\"},{\"Person.name\":\"Vilas-Boas, João Paulo\"}] |
| datacite.contributors.contributor.contributorName.fl_str_mv | Biblioteca Digital da UPB |
| datacite.creators.creator.creatorName.fl_str_mv | Alves, Miriam Fonseca, Pedro Fernandes, Aléxia Brito, André V. Barbosa, Tiago M. Vilas-Boas, João Paulo |
| datacite.date.Accepted.fl_str_mv | 2025-01-01T00:00:00Z |
| datacite.date.available.fl_str_mv | 2026-06-12T14:39:47Z |
| datacite.date.embargoed.fl_str_mv | 2026-06-12T14:39:47Z |
| datacite.rights.fl_str_mv | http://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_abf2 |
| datacite.subjects.subject.fl_str_mv | Breathing patterns Center of mass Kinematics Swimming |
| datacite.titles.title.fl_str_mv | Analyzing Breathing Patterns in the Breaststroke Technique Through Dual-Media Kinematics and Fractal Dimension |
| dc.contributor.none.fl_str_mv | Biblioteca Digital da UPB |
| dc.creator.none.fl_str_mv | Alves, Miriam Fonseca, Pedro Fernandes, Aléxia Brito, André V. Barbosa, Tiago M. Vilas-Boas, João Paulo |
| dc.date.Accepted.fl_str_mv | 2025-01-01T00:00:00Z |
| dc.date.available.fl_str_mv | 2026-06-12T14:39:47Z |
| dc.date.embargoed.fl_str_mv | 2026-06-12T14:39:47Z |
| dc.format.none.fl_str_mv | application/pdf |
| dc.identifier.none.fl_str_mv | http://hdl.handle.net/10198/36873 |
| dc.language.none.fl_str_mv | eng |
| dc.publisher.none.fl_str_mv | Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (MDPI) |
| dc.rights.cclincense.fl_str_mv | http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ |
| dc.rights.none.fl_str_mv | http://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_abf2 |
| dc.subject.none.fl_str_mv | Breathing patterns Center of mass Kinematics Swimming |
| dc.title.fl_str_mv | Analyzing Breathing Patterns in the Breaststroke Technique Through Dual-Media Kinematics and Fractal Dimension |
| dc.type.none.fl_str_mv | http://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_6501 |
| description | The most hydrodynamic swimming position occurs with the head submerged, highlighting the benefit of reduced breathing frequency for efficiency. This study aimed to characterize and compare kinematics between two breaststroke breathing patterns—breathing every cycle and breathing every two cycles—while also analyzing intra-cyclic velocity variation (dv) and fractal dimension. In the breathing every cycle pattern, each cycle included a breath. In the breathing every cycle pattern, swimmers breathed once per cycle. In the breathing every two cycles pattern, breathing occurred every second cycle, resulting in three types of cycles: breathing, non-breathing, and the breathing cycle following a non-breathing cycle. To ensure familiarity with the new breathing pattern, swimmers underwent a six-week intervention program. They then performed three maximal 25 m bouts in each breathing pattern. Kinematic data were collected using a dual-media optoelectronic system (Qualisys AB, Sweden), integrating underwater and dry-land camera recordings. The results showed minimal differences between the three cycle types. The non-breathing cycle had the shallowest and deepest head positions, the lowest horizontal head amplitude out of water, and the smallest vertical head amplitude. It also had the fastest maximum vertical velocity of the feet and maximum center of mass velocity in the swimming direction. |
| dirty | 0 |
| eu_rights_str_mv | openAccess |
| format | article |
| fulltext.url.fl_str_mv | https://bibliotecadigital.unipb.pt/bitstreams/adcb04ed-42bc-4ca9-9930-978dc12e9bcc/download |
| funder_facet_str_mv | FCT{{{_:::_}}}Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia |
| funding.funder.alternateName_str_mv | FCT |
| funding.funder.identifier_str_mv | http://doi.org/10.13039/501100001871 |
| funding.funder.name_str_mv | Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia |
| funding.identifier_str_mv | 2021.08308.BD |
| funding.name_str_mv | POR_NORTE |
| funding_str_mv | 2021.08308.BD info:eu-repo/grantAgreement/FCT/POR_NORTE/2021.08308.BD/PT |
| id | ipb_70f78dada298fdb763345146faf497a4 |
| identifier.url.fl_str_mv | http://hdl.handle.net/10198/36873 |
| inst_facet_str | urn:organizationAcronym:unipb{{{_:::_}}}Universidade Politécnica de Bragança |
| instacron_str | unipb |
| institution | Universidade Politécnica de Bragança |
| instname_str | Universidade Politécnica de Bragança |
| language | eng |
| network_acronym_str | ipb |
| network_name_str | Biblioteca Digital da UPB |
| oai_identifier_str | oai:bibliotecadigital.unipb.pt:10198/36873 |
| organization_str_mv | urn:organizationAcronym:unipb |
| person_str_mv | Alves, Miriam Fonseca, Pedro Fernandes, Aléxia Brito, André V. Barbosa, Tiago M. Barbosa, Tiago M. https://www.ciencia-id.pt/8B11-BDC4-F6FF 8B11-BDC4-F6FF http://orcid.org/0000-0001-7071-2116 0000-0001-7071-2116 Vilas-Boas, João Paulo |
| publishDate | 2025 |
| publisher.none.fl_str_mv | Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (MDPI) |
| repo_facet_str | urn:repositoryAcronym:ipb{{{_:::_}}}Biblioteca Digital da UPB |
| reponame_str | Biblioteca Digital da UPB |
| repository_id_str | urn:repositoryAcronym:ipb |
| service_str_mv | urn:repositoryAcronym:ipb |
| spelling | engMultidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (MDPI)engThe most hydrodynamic swimming position occurs with the head submerged, highlighting the benefit of reduced breathing frequency for efficiency. This study aimed to characterize and compare kinematics between two breaststroke breathing patterns—breathing every cycle and breathing every two cycles—while also analyzing intra-cyclic velocity variation (dv) and fractal dimension. In the breathing every cycle pattern, each cycle included a breath. In the breathing every cycle pattern, swimmers breathed once per cycle. In the breathing every two cycles pattern, breathing occurred every second cycle, resulting in three types of cycles: breathing, non-breathing, and the breathing cycle following a non-breathing cycle. To ensure familiarity with the new breathing pattern, swimmers underwent a six-week intervention program. They then performed three maximal 25 m bouts in each breathing pattern. Kinematic data were collected using a dual-media optoelectronic system (Qualisys AB, Sweden), integrating underwater and dry-land camera recordings. The results showed minimal differences between the three cycle types. The non-breathing cycle had the shallowest and deepest head positions, the lowest horizontal head amplitude out of water, and the smallest vertical head amplitude. It also had the fastest maximum vertical velocity of the feet and maximum center of mass velocity in the swimming direction.application/pdfengAnalyzing Breathing Patterns in the Breaststroke Technique Through Dual-Media Kinematics and Fractal DimensionAlves, MiriamFonseca, PedroFernandes, AléxiaBrito, André V.PersonalBarbosa, Tiago M.DSpacehttp://dspace.org/items/941a6f14-cfba-458a-a2e3-0cbd1846cd42DSpacehttp://dspace.org/items/941a6f14-cfba-458a-a2e3-0cbd1846cd42BarbosaTiago M.Ciência IDhttps://www.ciencia-id.pt8B11-BDC4-F6FFORCIDhttp://orcid.org0000-0001-7071-2116Scopus Author IDhttps://www.scopus.com10044856400Vilas-Boas, João PauloHostingInstitutionOrganizationalBiblioteca Digital da UPBe-mailmailto:dspace@unipb.ptdspace@unipb.ptISSNIsPartOf1424-8220DOIIsPartOf10.3390/s251031042026-06-12T14:39:47Z20252025-01-01T00:00:00ZHandlehttp://hdl.handle.net/10198/36873http://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_abf2open accessBreathing patternsCenter of massKinematicsSwimming25312922 bytesCentro de Investigação, Formação, Inovação e Intervenção em Desporto - UIDB/05913/2020Fundação para a Ciência e a TecnologiaEnergetics, kinematics and active drag in the breaststroke swimming technique (2021.08308.BD)info:eu-repo/grantAgreement/FCT/POR_NORTE/2021.08308.BD/PT2021.08308.BDPOR_NORTECrossref Funder IDhttp://doi.org/10.13039/501100001871literaturehttp://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_6501journal article2025http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/http://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_abf2application/pdffulltexthttps://bibliotecadigital.unipb.pt/bitstreams/adcb04ed-42bc-4ca9-9930-978dc12e9bcc/downloadSensors2510122 |
| spellingShingle | Analyzing Breathing Patterns in the Breaststroke Technique Through Dual-Media Kinematics and Fractal Dimension Alves, Miriam Breathing patterns Center of mass Kinematics Swimming |
| status | SINGLETON |
| subject.fl_str_mv | Breathing patterns Center of mass Kinematics Swimming |
| title | Analyzing Breathing Patterns in the Breaststroke Technique Through Dual-Media Kinematics and Fractal Dimension |
| title_full | Analyzing Breathing Patterns in the Breaststroke Technique Through Dual-Media Kinematics and Fractal Dimension |
| title_fullStr | Analyzing Breathing Patterns in the Breaststroke Technique Through Dual-Media Kinematics and Fractal Dimension |
| title_full_unstemmed | Analyzing Breathing Patterns in the Breaststroke Technique Through Dual-Media Kinematics and Fractal Dimension |
| title_short | Analyzing Breathing Patterns in the Breaststroke Technique Through Dual-Media Kinematics and Fractal Dimension |
| title_sort | Analyzing Breathing Patterns in the Breaststroke Technique Through Dual-Media Kinematics and Fractal Dimension |
| topic | Breathing patterns Center of mass Kinematics Swimming |
| topic_facet | Breathing patterns Center of mass Kinematics Swimming |
| url | http://hdl.handle.net/10198/36873 |
| visible | 1 |