In 2007, during an official Flavescence dorée (FD) survey, typical FD symptoms, associated with desiccation of inflorescences, withering of clusters, irregular maturation of the wood, leaf rolling, typical vein banding, leaf yellowing on white grapevine variety Loureiro and leaf reddening on red variety Vinhão, were observed in vineyards from Amares region in northern Portugal. In 2002, similar but less severe symptoms occurring in the same region were associated with 16SrI phytoplasmas (‘Candidatus Phytoplasma asteris’), subgroup 16SrI‐B (De Sousa et al., 2003). Cuttings and leaf samples were collected from plants with and without symptoms. Total DNA was extracted (Angelini et al., 2001) and assayed in a nested polymerase chain reaction (PCR) using primers P1/P7 (Deng & Hiruki, 1991) followed by either R16F2n/R16R2 (F2n/R2) (Gundersen & Lee, 1996) or R16F1(V)/R16V1731r (F1/V1) (Martini et al., 1999). Phytoplasma strains from group 16SrV (‘Ca. Phytoplasma ulmi’), elm yellows (EY1) and rubus stunt (RUS), were used as reference controls. Healthy C. roseus and no template DNA were used as negative controls. All plants with symptoms and reference controls showed PCR products (F2n/R2 and F1/V1), absent from samples from symptomless plants. Two representative F2n/R2 amplicons, were cloned, sequenced and deposited in GenBank (FJ611961 and FJ611962). The phytoplasma 16S rRNA sequences were identical and shared 99‐100% identity with those of group 16SrV. FD phytoplasmas from Portugal exhibited the characteristic FD‐D TaqI RFLP pattern. This is the first report of FD‐D in grapevine in northern Portugal. Although the current FD outbreak is limited to Amares region, the high pressure of the Scaphoideus titanus vector populations imposes a threat for FD spread, and a current alert for the Ministry of Agriculture (DGADR). The implementation of strategies for effective control of S.titanus and FD have been suggested and included in the Portuguese legislation (Portaria nº 976/2008, 1 September).

The stability of a numerical solution of the Navier-Stokes equations is usually approached by con- sidering the numerical stability of a discretized advection-diffusion equation for either a velocity component, or in the case of two-dimensional flow, the vorticity. Stability restrictions for discretized advection-diffusion equations are a very serious constraint, particularly when a mesh is refined in an explicit scheme, so an accurate understanding of the numerical stability of a discretization procedure is often of equal or greater practical importance than concerns with accuracy. The stream-function vorticity formulation provides two equations, one an advection-diffusion equation for vorticity and the other a Poisson equation between the vorticity and the stream-function. These two equations are usually not coupled when considering numerical stability. The relation between the stream-function and the vorticity is linear and so has, in principle, an exact inverse. This allows an algebraic method to link the interior and the boundary vorticity into a single iteration scheme. In this work, we derive a global time-iteration matrix for the combined system. When applied to a model problem, this matrix formulation shows differences between the numerical stability of the full system equations and that of the discretized advection-diffusion equation alone. It also gives an indication of how the wall vorticity discretization affects stability. Despite the added algebraic complexity, it is straightforward to use MATLAB to carry out all the matrix operations. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

The numerical solution of the time-dependent Navier-Stokes equations in terms of the vorticity and a stream function is a well tested process to describe two-dimensional incompressible flows, both for fluid mixing applications and for studies in theoretical fluid mechanics. In this paper, we consider the interaction between the unsteady advection-diffusion equation for the vorticity, the Poisson equation linking vorticity and stream function and the approximation of the boundary vorticity, examining from a practical viewpoint, global iteration stability and error. Our results show that most schemes have very similar global stability constraints although there may be small stability gains from the choice of method to determine boundary vorticity. Concerning accuracy, for one model problem we observe that there were cases where the boundary vorticity discretization did not propagate to the interior, but for the usual cavity flow all the schemes tested had error close to second order. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Numerical schemes for a convection-diffusion problem defined on the whole real line have been derived by Morton and Sobey (IMA J. Numer. Anal. 1993; 13:141-160) using the exact evolution operator through one time step. In this paper we derive new numerical schemes by using the exact evolution operator for a convection-diffusion problem defined on the half-line. We obtain a third-order method that requires the use of a numerical boundary condition which is also derived using the same evolution operator. We determine whether there are advantages from the point of view of stability and accuracy in using these new schemes, when compared with similar methods obtained for the whole line. We conclude that the third-order scheme provides gains in terms of stability and although it does not improve the practical accuracy of existing methods faraway from the inflow boundary, it does improve the accuracy next to the inflow boundary. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Este artigo foca as questões relativas ao Conhecimento técnico, formação universitária e género sexual. Analisa ainda as variáveis legais e exra-legais a propósito de um crime de violação feminina envolvendoassimetria de pertenças sociais. Na sequência da revisão da literatura na área da Psicologia foram hipotetizadas: (a) uma divergência de perspectivas emfunção do género sexual, (b) uma divergência emfunção da configuração das pertenças sociais dos alvos do libelo acusatório, e (c) uma semelhança de perspectivas em função da educação formal em Direito, seja em termos da complexidade representacional, da inferência, ou ainda da decisão penal. Mais especificamente, estas incidiram nos elementos do facto, nos itens inferenciais relevantes e irrelevantes bem como nos elementos da decisão (sentença e medida da pena). Os resultados das análises multivariadas de variância revelaram diferenças significativas nas variáveis legais e extralegais quer na apreciação legal do ilícito penal, quer na inferência. O treino universitário que não teve efeito significativo, nem na complexidade representacional nem na decisão penal, produziu, não obstante, conhecimento irrelevante menos extremado. De igual modo, o género sexual do julgador afectou o juízo subjectivo da contribuição da ofendida no âmbito do enquadramento legal, bem como a decisão penal. As mulheres foram, de forma homogénea, ligeiramente mais severas do que os homens. Por fim, a configuração das pertenças sociais da vítima e do réu teve apenas um efeito significativo no enquadramento legal. Os resultados são discutidos em termos da justiça social e de considerações legais sobre a violação.

O avanço significativo das tecnologias não invasivas, na última década, permitiu maior clareza e rapidez na obtenção de diagnósticos complexos, no entanto, a suboptimização dos resultados ou as características intrínsecas dos doentes revelam que a avaliação invasiva é muitas vezes indispensável, como acontece na quantificação das perturbações hemodinâmicas associadas a doenças cardiovasculares. Segundo Morton,a interpretação da curva de pressão telediastólica do ventrículo esquerdo é muitas vezes um indicativo da sua capacidade funcional. O principal objectivo deste trabalho de investigação, foi avaliar o aumento da pressão telediastólica do ventrículo esquerdo (VE) em indivíduos submetidos a cateterismo cardíaco, e identificar a sua relação com a função ventricular esquerda.