As WISE (work integration social enterprise) - empresas sociais de inserção pelo trabalho - são organizações economicamente produtivas, com missão social e propósito de inserção profissional de públicos em situação de vulnerabilidade à pobreza e exclusão social. No contexto nacional português, marcado pela extinção da legislação da medida de política ativa de emprego e por ausência de política eficaz de integração destes públicos, a análise de modelos europeus, distintos e complementares, é essencial para equacionar a intervenção e impacte das WISES para o emprego e inclusão social. Com base em 10 estudos de casos de cinco países europeus (Áustria, Bélgica, Itália, Portugal e Reino Unido), analisamos cada WISE enquanto exemplo de inovação social. A amostra intencional de dois estudos de caso por país identificou três modelos: i) modelo de transição para o mercado de trabalho regular; ii) modelo de emprego permanente; iii) modelo cooperativo de autoemprego.

This article discusses the social insertion by the work of people with drug addiction trajectories. The socio-professional reintegration of people who accumulate vulnerability factors is one of the difficulties that individuals who enter the therapeutic community of Dianova Portugal face, when they complete the program of treatment and rehabilitation of dependencies of drugs or alcohol. In the context of the social employment market and through the measure of support for the employability designated as an insertion company, created in 1998 and revoked by the previous Government in early 2015, the Dianova Floriculture Nursery Insertion Company was created with the objective to withstand the social exclusion of individuals with dependency problems, including initiatives for the acquisition and development of personal, social and professional skills, suitable to an active citizenship and job functions in floriculture nurseries. In this way, it has been possible to guarantee successful reintegration trajectories and a more effective social inclusion of people with dependency problems, while ensuring the sustainability of Dianova.

This paper supports the choice of the theoretical framework of the third sector, in contrast to other theoretical traditions, as the correct approach to the Portuguese case. It regards the phenomenon of rearrangement and renewal in the third sector, providing the first outlook on this theme in Portugal. Similarly to what happened in Western Europe, this phenomenon also took place in Portugal over the last few decades. However, in Portugal, it was related to the rescue of democratic rights and the mobilization of civil society to deal with basic needs, rather than the development of new social movements, processes of reaffirmation of identity and renewal of the intervention models of the traditional third sector. Initiatives such as the IPSS, the CERCI and the IDL stand out among the dynamics of rearrangement of the sector since 1974. Seeing that the existing secondary information with regard to the phenomenon of rearrangement and renewal of the third sector is abundant but fragmented, primary sources of information must be used in order to analyze it.