Industrial symbiosis, which allows entities and companies that traditionally be separated, to cooperate among them in the sharing of resources, contributes to the increase of sustainability with environmental, economic and social benefits. Examples of industrial symbiosis have grown over the years with increasing geographic dispersion. Thus, through a comprehensive review of previous studies, this work aims to trace the trend of industrial symbiosis research and to map the existing case studies around the world, with a critical analysis of its impact. The analysis of the 584 selected publications allowed tracing the evolution of these according to their content and the type of article, as well as its distribution by journals. Based on the literature review, the main lines for research in industrial symbiosis are assessed, as well as an updated study of the published case studies is provided with emphasis on the location, type of industry and employed methodologies. Several challenges are then identified for future research. The results reveal the number of articles on industrial symbiosis has greatly increased since 2007 and China is the country with the largest number of publications and cases of industrial symbiosis, followed by the United States. The methods for quantifying impacts and analysing industrial symbiosis networks were the most widely used. The analysis of the published case studies allowed an overview of the industrial symbiosis in the world and showed that the potential for application is enormous, both in developed countries and in countries with developing economies, and although the most present economic activities in the synergies are associated with the manufacturing sector, the possibilities of industrial symbiosis are not restricted to these activities nor to the number of entities involved. The symbioses between industry and the surrounding community also have great potential for development with numerous advantages for both parties.

Nuclear factor-κB is a key transcription factor activated by pro-inflammatory signals, like interleukin-1β (IL-1), being required for the expression of many inflammatory and catabolic mediators, such as nitric oxide (NO), that play an important role in arthritic diseases. This work aimed at screening and identifying natural inhibitors of IL-induced NF-κB activation and NO production in human articular chondrocytes. Five essential oils obtained from four plants of the Iberian flora, Mentha x piperita L. (Lamiaceae), Origanum virens L. (Lamiaceae), Lavandula luiseri L. (Lamiaceae), and Juniperus oxycedrus L. subsp. oxycedrus (Cupressaceae), were screened for their ability to prevent IL-1-induced NO production. The oil showing higher inhibitory activity was fractionated, concentrated, analyzed for composition elucidation and prepared for further assays. For this purpose, the human chondrocytic cell line C-28/I2 was used to evaluate NF-κB activation by determining the cytoplasmic levels of the total and phosphorylated forms of the inhibitory protein, IκB-α, and the NF- κB‑DNAbinding activity. The essential oil from the leaves of J. oxycedrus in a concentration of 0.02% (v/v) achieved the greatest inhibition (80 ± 8%) of IL-1-induced NO production. Chemical analysis showed that this essential oil is predominantly composed of monoterpene hydrocabons, being α-pinene [2,6,6-trimethyl-bicyclo(3.1.1)hept-3- ene] the major constituent (76%). Similarly to the effect of the whole oil, a fraction containing 93% α- pinene reduced significantly IL-1-induced IκB-α degradation. Moreover, α-pinene also decreased IκB-α phosphorylation, NF-κB‑DNA binding activity, and NO production. Another fraction containing oxygenated mono- and sesquiterpenes was nearly as effective as α-pinene. The ability of the α-pinene-containing fraction to reduce IL-1-induced NF-κB activation and NO production warrants further studies to demonstrate the usefulness of α-pinene in the treatment of arthritic diseases and other conditions in which NF-κB and NO play pathological roles.

Objetivos: Caracterizar as atitudes e práticas dos médicos de família do Agrupamento de Centros de Saúde (ACeS) de Matosinhos relativamente à obesidade e aos pacientes obesos. Tipo de estudo: Transversal. Local: ACeS de Matosinhos, Portugal. População: Médicos especialistas e internos de formação específica de medicina geral e familiar (MGF) do ACeS de Matosinhos Métodos: Foi utilizada uma amostra de conveniência constituída por todos os médicos presentes na reunião semanal da respetiva unidade funcional. Como instrumento de recolha de dados foi desenvolvido um questionário de autopreenchimento, onde se incluíram seis dimensões avaliadas: «autoeficácia e competência técnica», «carências formativas», «convicções», «responsabilidade autopercecionada», «barreiras» e «limitações». Na análise de dados procedeu-se ao estudo de validade e fiabilidade das dimensões, bem como da construção de variáveis observadas para as mesmas, a partir da sua média (M), enquadrando-as numa escala de Likert (1-5). Para medir as diferenças entre os grupos foram utilizadas estatísticas não-paramétricas. Resultados: Dos 104 participantes, a maioria (71%) não realizou formação pós-graduada na área da nutrição/alimentação. Porém, reconhecem a necessidade de aprofundar conhecimentos na área da nutrição/alimentação, com uma média de 3,96 na dimensão das carências formativas percecionadas. Os médicos inquiridos demonstraram um elevado nível de convicção (M=4,33) acerca da importância do seu papel no tratamento da obesidade, reconhecendo firmemente a sua responsabilidade (M=4,27) no tratamento desta patologia, com perceção de autoeficácia e competência técnica na área (M=3,58). Quanto às limitações e barreiras sentidas, os resultados sugerem que estes profissionais reconhecem algumas limitações e barreiras no tratamento da obesidade (M=3,29 e M=2,60, respetivamente). Conclusões: Os médicos de família demonstram atitudes e práticas globalmente positivas face à obesidade e aos pacientes obesos. Estes profissionais estão convictos acerca da importância do seu papel na gestão/tratamento da obesidade, sentem-se responsáveis pelo tratamento desta patologia e reconhecem a sua necessidade formativa na área da nutrição/alimentação

Aims: To study attitudes to obesity and obese patients among General Practitioners in the Group of Health Centres of Matosinhos. Study design: Cross-sectional. Setting: Group of Health Centres of Matosinhos, Portugal. Population: Family medicine specialists and trainees in the Matosinhos Group of Health Centres. Methods: A convenience sample was used, composed of all physicians attending the weekly staff meeting in their respective clinics. A questionnaire was developed for this study composed of six dimensions including: ‘self-efficacy and technical competence’, ‘training needs’, ‘convictions’, ‘self-perceived responsibility’, ‘barriers’ and ‘limitations’. The validity and reliability of the dimensions were studied. The variables in these dimensions are presented as a mean (M) on a five point Likert scale. Non-parametric statistical analyses were used to measure the differences between the groups. Results: Among the 104 study participants, most (71%) did not have post-graduate training in nutrition. However, they recognize the need to increase their knowledge of nutrition, with an average score of 3.96 in the dimension of the training needs perceived. The physicians participating showed a high level of conviction (M=4.33) about the importance of their role in the treatment of obesity, firmly recognizing their responsibility (M=4.27) in the treatment of this condition, perceiving their self-efficacy and technical competence in the area (M=3.58). Concerning the barriers and limitations felt, the results suggest that these professionals recognize some limitations and barriers while treating obesity (M=3.29 and M=2.60, respectively). Conclusions: Family medicine specialists have positive attitudes towards managing obesity and obese patients. These professionals are convinced of the importance of their role in management and treatment of obesity. They feel responsible for the treatment of this condition and recognize their training needs in the area of nutrition.

The transport sector is one of the main contributors to greenhouse gas emissions and it is essential to find sustainable alternatives. Electric scooters can help reduce greenhouse gas emissions by replacing more polluting modes of transport such as cars. However, existing studies do not always corroborate this positive environmental impact, and it is necessary to understand which factors influence it and which stages of life are of most concern. Therefore, the main objectives of this study are to present an overview of the environmental impact of electric scooters and the methodological approaches used to assess it, as well as to analyse the main factors that condition it and propose measures to improve the environmental sustainability of this type of micromobility. To this end, a review of the scientific literature was carried out, from which it was possible to conclude that life cycle analysis was the most used method and that of the 25 studies selected, 72% were in European cities and 68% on shared electric scooters. From the study it was also possible to conclude that the production phase and the charging and rebalancing phase, in the case of shared ones, are the phases that most influence the environmental impact. Thus, producing electric scooters in an environmentally friendly way, extending their useful life, and in the case of shared scooters, collecting and charging efficiently, are the most effective means to reduce environmental impact.

The maritime industry has a very representative weight in the world economy, with 80% of the volume of international trade of goods transported by sea, which makes shipbuilding a relevant strategic industry. However, this industry faces important challenges not only in terms of competitiveness, but also due to its characteristics, namely very high cycle times and engineering-to-order production systems. The implementation of lean in industry has allowed the reduction of waste and costs, increased efficiency, and productivity. Thus, the implementation of these principles can contribute in a very significant way to help this industry to face the numerous challenges. Although lean principles and tools are already being applied in the shipbuilding industry, there is an absence of systematic characterisation of these practices in the literature, as well as the advantages and barriers to their application. Therefore, through a systematic literature review, the aim of this article was to compile and categorise the different lean practices, the benefits of their implementation, as well as the main adoption factors and barriers faced when implementing them in the maritime construction industry. Furthermore, a conceptual framework is also proposed with the purpose of facilitating the development of lean application in the shipbuilding industry. The implications of applying lean tools in shipbuilding for each dimension of sustainability are also analysed. The results of the review show that the implementation of lean in the context of maritime construction has been effective, with the main benefits being a reduction in the production cycle time, a reduction in costs, better utilisation of space and a reduction in the distances travelled by operators and parts, and an increase in productivity. The most frequently implemented tools are Value Stream Mapping, Takt Time, Kaizen, Kanban, and Just in Time. The barriers associated with human factors and the intrinsic characteristics of shipbuilding were predominant as obstacles to implementing lean. Future research in this industry is essential, particularly in quantifying the benefits and identifying different strategies for implementing these initiatives.

Industrial symbiosis, which is characterised mainly by the reuse of waste from one company as raw material by another, has been applied worldwide with recognised environmental, economic, and social benefits. However, the potential for industrial symbiosis is not exhausted in existing cases, and there is still a wide range of opportunities for its application. Through a comprehensive literature review, this article aims to compile and analyse studies that focus on potential industrial symbiosis in real contexts, to highlight the margin of optimisation that is not being used. The cases reported in the publications identified here were characterised and analysed according to geographic location, type of economic activity, waste/by-products, main benefits, and the methods employed in the studies. From this analysis, we conclude that there is great potential for applications involving industrial symbiosis throughout the world, and especially in Europe, corresponding to 53% of the total cases analysed. Manufacturing stood out as the sector with the highest potential for establishing symbiosis relationships, and the most common types of waste streams in potential networks were organic, plastic and rubber, wood, and metallic materials. This article also discusses the main drivers and barriers to realising the potential of industrial symbiosis. The diversity of industries, geographical proximity, facilitating entities and legislation, plans, and policies are shown to be the main drivers.

As with other industrial revolutions, Industry 4.0 also raises fundamental questions about its environmental, economic, and social sustainability. Among the various types of companies, small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) which represent 99.8 % of all EU businesses, contribute 52.4 % of value added play a crucial role in sustainability and have characteristics that distinguish them from large companies and make their market behaviour different. It is estimated that SMEs are responsible for approximately 70 % of global pollution. However, SMEs are rarely researched, creating a critical knowledge gap. Therefore, the aim of this work is to investigate the relationship between Industry 4.0, sustainability, and small and medium-sized enterprises. To this end, a framework is first provided on the subject and then a systematic literature review is presented, which aims to understand the dynamics between the three themes, using 85 articles obtained from the Scopus and Web of Science databases. Our findings reveal the advantages and disadvantages of Industry 4.0 for the sustainability of small and medium-sized enterprises with 50 advantages across environmental, economic, and social dimensions and 10 disadvantages identified, though quantitative validation remains limited. Finally, we identify the key drivers and barriers of Industry 4.0 for sustainability in SMEs i.e., 41 key drivers and 24 barriers categorized into nine groups including technological, financial, organizational, and policy factors. Many of the barriers found are transversal to other areas. This study contributes to theory and practice by providing a comprehensive mapping of the current research landscape and offering actionable insights for both SME managers implementing digital technologies and policymakers developing support frameworks.