Between the late 19th century and the beginning of the 20th century, the production and distribution of electricity became a safer and more effective alternative for public and private illumination and for the supply of motive power. In this context, several entrepreneurial initiatives emerged which aimed at the production and distribution of electricity in different urban centres. In this text, one addresses the emergence and evolution of the Évora Electricity Company (Companhia Eborense de Electricidade), since its formation in the beginning of the 20th century until 1942, when the distribution of electricity to the city of Évora began to be secured by the Portuguese Electrical Union (União Eléctrica Portuguesa).

Tecnologia, engenharia e eletricidade nas redes urbanas de iluminação e transporte. Portugal 1880-1926 A gradual generalização da utilização da eletricidade nos espaços urbanos, verificada a partir da década de 1880, foi favorecida pelas ideias urbanísticas que marcaram a época e que se traduziram por uma maior preocupação com a organização espacial das cidades, com criação e modernização das redes de abastecimento de água ou de esgotos, com a iluminação do espaço público e com o estabelecimento de parques e jardins, medidas que procuravam garantir a segurança e o bem-estar das populações ao mesmo tempo que permitiam pôr em prática as ideias higienistas que conheciam uma difusão cada vez maior. A introdução da eletricidade na iluminação das cidades e nos transportes urbanos, tal como a implantação de outras infraestruturas urbanas, exigiu soluções técnicas, por vezes complexas, que obrigaram a recorrer à engenharia e à transferência de tecnologia. Por outro lado, a utilização da eletricidade nas cidades permitiu uma utilização mais intensa do espaço público, iluminado a luz elétrica durante a noite, e, graças às novas facilidades de transporte possibilitadas pela utilização dos “carros elétricos”, um alargamento do espaço urbano para as suas zonas marginais. Neste texto procura-se analisar: a difusão de conhecimentos científicos e técnicos; a transferência da tecnologia na criação das redes elétricas de iluminação e transporte das cidades de Lisboa e Porto; a ação que tiveram os engenheiros na transferência de tecnologia e no estabelecimento dessas redes; a forma como a introdução da eletricidade na iluminação e transporte alterou a vida e o espaço dessas duas cidades. Palavras-chave – Eletricidade, redes urbanas de iluminação e transporte, engenheiros, difusão de conhecimentos técnicos, transferência de tecnologia Technology, engineering and electricity in the urban networks of illumination and transportation in Portugal 1880-1926 The gradual generalization of the usage of electricity in urban spaces, that can be verified from the 1880s onwards, was facilitated by the urbanistic ideas of those times, characterized by a greater concern with the spatial organization of the cities, the creation and modernization of networks of water supply or sewerage, the lighting of public spaces and the creation of parks and gardens, measures that aimed to ensure the security and well-being of local populations while allowing to implement the ideas about hygiene that were then widespread. The introduction of electricity in the illumination of cities and in public transportation, as well as the implantation of other urban infra-structures, demanded technical solutions, sometimes quite complex, which compelled to resort to engineering and to the transfer of technologies. On the other hand, the use of electricity in the cities allowed for a more intense usage of public spaces, illuminated by electric light during the night and, thanks to the new facilities in transportation made possible by the use of tramways to an enlargement of the urban space towards its more marginal zones In this text we aim to analyse: the transfer of technology in the creation of electrical networks of illumination and transportation in the cities of Lisbon and Oporto; the role played by engineers in the transfer of technology and in the establishment of these networks; the ways in which the introduction of electricity in the illumination and transportation altered the life and the space in these two cities. Key words: electricity, urban networks of illumination and transport, engineers, diffusion of technological knowledge; transfer of technology

Desde cedo que existiram em Portugal engenheiros de minas que se dedi¬caram à exploração de minas na metrópole e no Brasil. No entanto, a for¬mação neste ramo da engenharia só teve um caracter de nível universitário com a criação do Instituto Superior Técnico. Esta situação obrigou a que uma grande parte dos engenheiros portugueses fossem completar a sua for¬mação em escolas estrangeiras, nomeadamente a escola de minas de Paris e nas Escolas alemãs. A permanência no estrangeiro permitiu-lhes não só conhecer e transferir para Portugal a tecnologia estrangeira como lhe per¬mitiu estabelecer redes importantes com os engenheiros de minas dos ou¬tros países com quem se encontravam nos congressos internacionais e com os quais mantinham relações mais ou menos próximas. Nesta comunica¬ção serão analisados vários engenheiros, como é o caso de Isidoro Emílio Baptista, Pedro Victor da Costa Sequeira, M. Ferreira Roquete, Pedro Joyce Diniz António de Paiva Morão, e Alfredo Bensaúde entre outros.

The chapter analyses the municipalisations in the gas sector in three Southern European countries, France, Spain and Portugal, from the last third of the nineteenth century up to the First World War. The first step is to describe the regulation of networked services and then assess the gas regulation, a pioneering sector that, since the mid-nineteenth century, set the standard for the management of the remaining utilities. To do this, we will first examine the legislations and, second, the theoretical literature on the regulation of public utilities; more specifically, the new trend that emerged between the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, which supported the municipalisation of a service that had been deployed thanks, essentially, to private initiatives under concession. The aim is to analyse the context and the discourses that were used in those cases in which the authorities finally opted for municipalisation, which had a lot to do with socioeconomic dynamics and with the action of local elites. Though public management was exceptional in those nations before the First World War, we aim to identify where and why gas was municipalised.

Unveiled here is the extent that the Parisian École des ponts et chaussées (EPC) was a reference for the organization of the Lisbon Polytechnic School (LPS, Escola Politécnica de Lisboa) and the role played by the engineers trained in the French school in the organization and teaching methods at the LPS. The LPS, founded in 1837, was influenced in its functioning by various foreign schools, more specifically the EPC. These influences were felt at the level of teaching methods, textbooks and other publications, as well as through the men who circulated between the two schools and acted as vehicles of transmission of knowledge and methods.

A génese do conceito de património industrial e o desenvolvimento da disciplina científica que investiga os vestígios da s sociedades industriais remontam à 2ªmetade do século XX. Em Portugal, o desenvolvimento da Arqueologia Industrial data dos finais da década de 1970. Paralelamente ao desenvolvimento da Arqueologia Industrial enquanto área científica, pluridisciplinar, a questão da preservação e valorização dos bens industriais, tangíveis e intangíveis, encontra-se no cerna das preocupações daqueles que lidam com o património industrial. Intervir na área do Património Industrial significa, muitas vezes, prever a intervenção num tecido industrial ao qual correspondeu um determinado processo de industrialização e de renovação urbanística. Se o desencadear deste tipo de processos não deixou, com frequência, um tempo de análise suficiente para as questões patrimoniais, trouxe contudo a debate novas funções para “velhas” estruturas e permitiu avaliar outros tipos de bens patrimoniais, concebidos na época contemporânea. Se a memória social se havia constituído e identificado em torno de valores estéticos e artísticos, desenvolvendo, através destes, o conceito de património, a emergência de vestígios de uma cultura técnica qualificados como património veio lançar um novo paradigma na área cultural.

No presente artigo pretende-se dar uma panorâmica dos museus da técnica e da indústria existentes em Portugal. São considerados os casos mais relevantes no panorama nacional e realizada uma breve reflexão sobre o papel desses museus na preservação da memória industrial, na educação e na difusão da cultura técnico-industrial. Apresentaremos também uma breve abordagem sobre a forma como desde o século XIX se equacionou, em Portugal, a criação de museus industriais no âmbito das reformas do ensino técnico, do processo de industrialização e no seguimento das exposições universais e internacionais. Abstract: The aim of the present article is to give an overview of the museums of technology and existing industry in Portugal. Are considered the most relevant cases on the national scene and is also made a brief reflection on the role of those museums in the preservation of the industrial memoire, in education and in the diffuse of the technical/industrial culture. It will also be presented a brief overview on how the creation of industrial museums in the context of technical education, the process of industrialization and under the influence of the universal and international exhibitions has been considered, in Portugal, since the nineteenth century.

Despite frequent but minor changes concerning the curricula of the courses, civil engineering, continued to be considered during the 19th century as part of military training, having no autonomous status. Thus, public works kept being carried out by military engineers, who were part of the whole embracing “technical services”, which were in charge of «the defence of the country, civil works, roads, geological and other surveys, draining, improvement of ports and the supervision and management of arsenals.» However, this hybrid profile was increasingly inadequate to the country's needs. In the Portuguese modernization agenda, which was largely based on public works (in particular railways, roads, sanitation and hygiene, and ports), civil engineers embodied the idea of progress, thus playing a decisive role in the “new” Portugal. Although the choice of “buying” foreign scientific and technological knowledge in the European market-place had evident costs to Portugal, namely by delaying the implementation of national centres for developing expertise and skills, the role played by Portuguese engineers that went abroad to attend foreign schools was crucial to the modernization agenda of the 19th century. In a peripheral country such as Portugal the quest for knew and updated technological knowledge relied deeply on the efficiency of a network of formal and informal channels, which acted has vehicles for learning and spreading new skills, new machines and new expertise’s. Studying abroad was part of this overall strategy aiming to appropriate foreign knowledge and to adapt it to local needs and expectations.

The first degree course in electro technical engineering in Portugal dates back to 1911 when the Instituto Superior Técnico de Lisboa was set up by Brito Camacho. However, electricity and its applications were already being taught in a number of teaching establishments including the Instituto Industrial de Lisboa formed in 1852. The teaching of electricity at this institution was directly linked to Fonseca Benevides, a physicist who was professor and director at this school. During his travels abroad, Benevides went in search of the latest developments in electrical energy and its applications. His up-to-date scientific knowledge was reflected in the classes he taught at the Industrial School where he organized a modern electricity laboratory in which the first Swan light bulbs in Portugal were used. When the Industrial Institute was restructured in 1911 to form the Instituto Superior Técnico (IST), Maximiliano Gabriel Apolinário - a Portuguese engineer who graduated from the University of Liége - was responsible for teaching general Electro Technical Engineering, and industrial constructions and installations, while Léon Fech – a Belgian engineer who also graduated from the University of Liége - was put in charge of teaching the Electricity course (General Theory, and applications). In this paper, we propose an analysis of: - the evolution of the teaching of electricity from the Industrial Institute to the setting up of the first degree course in electro technical engineering at IST; - the places in which electricity was taught and how they evolved over the years.

Neste texto analisamos o papel que os engenheiros portugueses que completaram a sua formação na École de Ponts et Chaussés de Paris durante a primeira metade do século XIX tiveram nos vários campos acima referidos até a instituição em Portugal da Regeneração, sistema político que se iniciou em 1851. A razão de fazermos incidir o nosso estudo sobre esse período prende-se, por um lado, ao facto de considerarmos que os engenheiros formados naquela escola até 1851 contribuíram de forma significativa para tentar introduzir nas escolas de engenharia criadas em Portugal na década de 1830 um novo modelo de formação de engenheiros baseado na École des Ponts et Chaussées. Por outro lado, prende-se ao facto de esses engenheiros terem contribuído para integrar Portugal no espaço transnacional europeu de ponts et chaussées e terem tido um papel importante na implantação em Portugal de um modelo de organização do território em que as obras públicas eram determinantes. A ação desses engenheiros nas obras públicas, nas estruturas políticas administrativas do Estado ou no ensino prolongou-se pela segunda metade do século e passou a contar com o contributo de um novo contingente de engenheiros formados também na École de Ponts et Chaussées.