The present study aims to characterize and compare the attacking game-patterns performed by the semi-finalist teams during the FIFA World Cup 2010 - Spain, Germany, The Netherlands and Uruguay. With the use of SoccerEye observational instrument and SoccerEye recording software (v1.0, March 2011), 1938 attacks were recorded from TV public broadcasts during 28 matches (7 per team) played by the semi-finalists. SoccerEye observational instrument includes seven criteria: 1) Start of the offensive phase/Ball possession recovery; 2) Development of defense/attack Transition-State; 3) Progress of ball possession; 4) End of the offensive phase; 5) Patterns of field space position; 6) Centre of the game; and 7) Spatial patterns of teams interaction. Data analysis was performed with the use of SDIS-GSEQ software (v5.0.77, 2010). Our results showed that Spanish national team-2010 FIFA World Cup winner - tended to realize shots on target after positive short passes (z = 4.12) or dribbles (z = 4.38), both actions occurring in the central offensive zone (z = 3.94). Also, Spain tended to score goals due to an intervention of the opponent goalkeeper (z = 5.95), that is a consequence of a shot on target (z = 8.43). We concluded that successful attacking game-patterns performed by 2010 FIFA World Cup semi-finalists were not a direct consequence of similar attacking game-methods or styles of play, but probably were related to its variation during the match and/or between matches, according to the constraints created by the opponent.

Abstract This study analyzed the influence of rules manipulation on offensive patterns in different Small-Sided and Conditioned Games (SSCGs). Fourteen young soccer players (13.82 ± 1.94 years) performed two different SSCG formats (6v6+Gk): Maintenance of Ball Possession Game (MPG) and Progression to the Target Game (PTG). Both games were played on a field 52 m long by 32 m wide. We used the Offensive Sequences Characterization System (OSCS) and SoccerEye software to analyze offensive sequences. For statistical analysis, we used the Mann-Whitney test to compare variables that compose the OSCS between the two SSCGs, while the SDIS-GSEQ software allowed us to detect offensive patterns. We concluded that the rule manipulation of SSCGs influenced changes in teams' offensive patterns, in which they self-organized according to manipulation of key task constraints.

The present study aimed to investigate youth soccer players’ development in Amazonas state. Fifty-three young soccer players participated in this study (15,3±1,27 years). Participation History Questionnaire was used to investigate the different practice contexts that Amazonas soccer players were engaged during their development process (macro-structure of practice). We also observed three training sessions and calculated the time allotted for each type of training tasks used by the coach (training form, playing form and inactivity) (micro-structure of practice). It was possible to observe that soccer players from Amazonas state accumulated more time engaged in deliberate practice than deliberate play (p<0.001) and competition (p<0.001). We also observed that players had higher contact with decontextualized tasks (training form activities) during their training sessions. With this information, it can be concluded that these soccer players followed an early specialization pathway and didn’t have contact with a more representative learning environment, in an attempt to improve the development of intelligent and creative players.

Purpose: This study aimed to investigate if player tactical skill level and age category influence team performance and player exploratory behavior in tasks with different difficulty levels. Method: In total, 48 youth male soccer players participated in the study (U15, n = 24, mean age = 13.06 ± 1.53 years; U17, n = 24, mean age = 16.89 ± 0.11 years). Player tactical skills were evaluated through the System of Tactical Assessment in Soccer (FUT-SAT), allowing them to be organized into three groups according to tactical efficiency: Higher tactical skill level (Group 01), Intermediate tactical skill level (Group 02), and Lower tactical skill level (Group 03). Next, Group 01 and Group 03 of both categories performed six Small-Sided and Conditioned Games (SSCG) each, namely three High difficulty SSCGs and three Low difficulty SSCGs. Team performance and players' exploratory behavior were analyzed through the Offensive Sequences Characterization System and Lag Sequential Analysis, respectively. Results: We found that team performance and players' exploratory behavior were influenced both by the age and tactical skill level of the players, as well as by task difficulty level. Conclusion: Therefore, in an attempt to improve player performance, practitioners must carefully manipulate key task constraints to adapt training task difficulty levels to player age and tactical skill level.

We aimed to investigate if social networks measures can be used as indicators of training tasks' adjustment level to soccer players’ tactical skills. Twenty-four U17 male soccer players (16.89 ± 0.11 years) participated in this study. The System of Tactical Assessment in Football (FUT-SAT) was used to identify players’ tactical level and to organize them into three groups: Higher tactical level (Group 01), Intermediate tactical level (Group 02) and Lower tactical level (Group 03). Then, the players performed three High difficulty Small-Sided and Conditioned Games (HD-SSCG) and three Low difficulty Small-Sided and Conditioned Games (LD-SSCG). Teams’ interaction patterns and players’ prominence were analysed based on macro (Density – D and Clustering coefficient – CC) and micro networks (Indegree, Outdegree, Total links and Eigenvector) measures. We found that Group 01 presented higher D (p = .004 and ES = 1.189) and CC (p =.004 and ES = .785) at HD-SSCG than Group 03, whereas Group 03 presented higher values of D (p = .003 and ES = 1.200) and CC (p = .037 and ES = 1.180) at LD-SSCG than Group 01. When training tasks difficulty were adjusted to players’ tactical level, teams played more collectively and players were more actively engaged in ball circulation. We concluded that macro and micro networks measures can be applied in training context as indicators of training tasks adjustment to players' tactical level.

Desenvolvido em um plano lógico, inicia-se consolidando os preceitos básicos da responsabilidade civil, pontuando os elementos formadores da responsabilidade subjetiva e objetiva para então tratar de sua aplicação em matéria ambiental. A responsabilidade civil ambiental é assim conceituada pelos princípios e legislações que fundamentam a modalidade da responsabilidade aplicada – responsabilidade objetiva. Nesta base analisa-se o cerne do trabalho que é a responsabilidade da instituição financeira por danos causados no meio ambiente: os fundamentos legais que determinam sua responsabilidade, a possibilidade de expansão da responsabilidade para além do previsto na determinação legal, por meio de uma interpretação sistemática de todo o ordenamento jurídico brasileiro acerca da proteção do ambiente; por fim os limites da responsabilidade da instituição para determinado casos, não como um limite da responsabilidade integral, mas como uma falta de nexo de causalidade constituída em razão de determinadas condicionantes legais

In view of the climate models adopted by the IPCC and the INPE that predict negative impacts of climate change on water resources in the Metropolitan Region of Vale do Paraíba, this research aimed to analyze the legal-normative framework related to adaptation to climate change from the perspective of county legislative and material competence. The article aims to identify the impacts of climate change on water resources, demonstrate how adaptation can be associated with the realization of matters of local interest that have a positive social, economic and environmental impact, and exemplify the current regulations. As a means of investigation, the deductive method and documented research were adopted. Furthermore, the research has a basic nature and an exploratory objective. As a result, the research concluded that an important role in the adaptation of water resources to climate change must be played by the municipalities, especially in no regrets measures, and it was even possible to exemplify regulations in force in the municipalities of the RMVP, related to: urban supply, protection and conservation of water producing areas, monitoring of water quality, sewage collection and treatment, management and safety of water resources, integrated planning and rationalization of use.

Abstract Aim: It is to propose a game-based and player-centred approach to teaching table tennis using nonlinear pedagogy insights. Methods: This is an essay which offers a well-reasoned articulated nonlinear pedagogy perspective on coaching and teaching table tennis issues Results: It offers the description of a propose based on a player-centred and game-based approach for table tennis supported by nonlinear pedagogy, illustrating examples of how to apply nonlinear pedagogical principles to design representative learning tasks in order to adapt them to learners’ skills level. Conclusion: A novel perspective for teaching and training table tennis is presented here and we intend that this proposal may help coaches to design an effective learning environment.

O objetivo do estudo foi investigar a influência da dimensão do campo e do número de jogadores nos aspectos táticos e técnicos em diferentes formatos de jogos. Para tanto, quatorze jogadores de futebol pertencentes à categoria sub-20 participaram de três estruturas de jogos distintas: Gr+3vs3+Gr (27x18 m), Gr+6vs6+Gr (52x32 m) e Gr+10vs10+Gr (105x64 m), em duas condições: Jogo Controle e Jogo de Manutenção. Os jogos foram filmados por quatro câmeras de vídeos digitais. Posteriormente, as sequências de imagens foram analisadas no software Dvideo, que possibilitou obter a posição de todos os jogadores em função do tempo e o registro das ações técnicas ocorridas. Desse modo, foram analisadas as variáveis táticas “Centro de Jogo” e “Densidade Ofensiva” (igualdade numérica, superioridade ofensiva e defensiva), assim como as variáveis técnicas de passe, domínio, condução, finalização, desarme, interceptação e carga técnica. Os resultados mostraram diferenças significativas nos indicadores táticos de participação no centro de jogo (p<0.01), igualdade numérica (p<0.01), superioridade defensiva (p<0.01) e ofensiva(p<0.05). Em relação às ações técnicas, foi possível verificar diferenças significativas no passe (p<0.01), domínio (p<0.01), condução (p<0.01), finalização (p<0.01), desarme (p<0.05), interceptação (p<0.01) e na carga técnica (p<0.01). Concluímos que, a manipulação da dimensão do campo e do número de jogadores influencia a emergência de comportamentos técnico-táticos específicos, o que possibilita treinadores adequarem as estruturas dos jogos para a elaboração de exercícios que estejam de acordo com os seus objetivos pedagógicos.