The aim of this paper is to study the aerodynamics of discus throw. A comparison of numerical and experimental performance of discus throw with and without rotation was carried out using the analysis of lift and drag coefficients. Initial velocity corresponding to variation angle of around 35.5° was simulated. Boundary condition, on the top and bottom boundary edges of computational domain, was imposed in order to eliminate external influences on the discus; a wind resistance was calculated for the velocity values of 25 and 27 m/s. The results indicate that the flight distance (D) was strongly affected by the drag coefficient, the initial velocity, the release angle and the direction of wind velocity. It was observed that these variables change as a function of discus rotation. In this study, results indicate a good agreement of D between experimental values and numerical results.

Este trabalho volta o olhar para as paisagens do Estado do Ceará, entre dois lugares distantes nessa porção de litoral, a Praia do Futuro e o Campo de Dunas de Bitupitá, aproximados aqui pela construção de um olhar anacrônico, fazendo com que eles se encontrem como momentos distintos e sobrepostos de uma mesma paisagem. Essa construção se faz tecida pelo vento que ali, como o tempo, passa a todo momento sem se deter - por um lado nos conduzindo ao futuro e por outro desvelando um passado soterrado. Para tanto, como aporte teórico, trazemos o conceito de história proposto por Walter Benjamin, o que nos conduz à arqueologia como forma de olhar para a multiplicidade temporal que dispomos e compor narrativas anacrônicas para este lugar. A proposta artística que apresentamos aqui, passa pela instauração de um espaço outro, a partir de uma coleção de fotografias, fragmentos de vídeos e alguns desenhos, que nos fazem ver traços de um e de outro lugares - como no desenvolvimento de uma geografia, que traz para o mesmo plano espaços e tempos distantes - em uma construção em imagens que os aproximam. Para nomear essa multiplicidade que faz surgir um lugar outro usamos o conceito de heterotopia, desenvolvido por Michael Foucault. As ruínas que vemos nas imagens aqui constituídas sobrepõem tempos, deflagrando no presente a continuidade do que já houve, assim como projetos para o futuro do passado. Olhamos, portanto, para como hoje podemos inscrever uma ideia de futuro, que, ao invés de se ater aos rumos um tanto

O desenvolvimento de novos métodos para a utilização consciente e eficiente da energia vem ocorrendo em crescente demanda com o passar dos anos. Os sistemas híbridos consistem de duas ou mais fontes geradoras de eletricidade que objetivam obter uma fonte confiável de suprimento de energia, podendo estar ou não conectados a rede de distribuição. A produção de biogás na área rural surge como uma alternativa para a região da Campanha Gaúcha, devido à extensão dessas áreas a qual inclui a equinocultura. Esses resíduos podem ser processados em biodigestores para produção de biogás. Os biodigestores são uma alternativa para o processamento da matéria orgânica, sendo um dos mecanismos que permitem essa produção. As placas solares têm como função captar a energia luminosa do sol e transformá-la em energia térmica ou elétrica. A energia eólica é proveniente da velocidade dos ventos, onde ocorre a transformação da energia do vento em energia útil, sendo uma forma de obter energia de forma renovável e limpa, uma vez que, não produz poluentes. Com base nestes aspectos, neste trabalho projetou-se um sistema híbrido para geração de energia elétrica do tipo solar-eólico-biodigestão para instalação em uma propriedade rural localizada na cidade de Candiota-RS. Para isso, foram selecionados os materiais e equipamentos necessários, estimou-se os custos de instalação e calculou-se a receita, o VPL e o TIR. O custo total em materiais e equipamentos foi de R$ 19.496,81 com VPL e TIR de R$9.770,82 e 12% respetivamente. Se o sistema projetado operasse continuamente, seriam gerados 682 kWh/mês, o que supriria totalmente a demanda da propriedade, contudo, considerando-se as variações da radiação solar e do vento, considerando se um tempo de operação de 60%, a geração será de 409 kWh, ainda assim supre a demanda necessária. O investimento no projeto é recuperado após 6 anos de operação da planta. Foi demonstrado que o projeto é economicamente viável e possível de ser instalado no local do estudo, contribuindo ainda para minimização de impactos ambientais.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the impact of wind velocity on the behavior of An. marajoara population and its parity. METHODS: Collections were made bimonthly from January 1999 to February 2000 in the municipality of Ilha Comprida, Brazil. Adult mosquitoes were captured with a battery hand aspirator. Mann-Whitney test was applied to verify the wind impact on mosquito behavior. Polovodova technique and Christophers and Mer's follicular development analysis were used to determine parity. RESULTS: A total of 11,833 mosquitoes were captured, including 3,072 An. marajoara specimens. The peak of activity of An. marajoara occurred from 2 to 5 AM. Amongst 1,006 An. marajoara females who had their ovarioles dissected, it was found 530 (52.7%) nulliparous, 432 (42.9%) uniparous, 24 (2.4%) biparous and 1 multiparous. According to Christophers and Mer analysis, 982 (97.6%) had their follicles in phases I and II, 7 in phases III and IV, and 17 in phase V. The frequency of An. marajoara was significantly lower when wind velocity was 3 km/h or more or below 3 km/h. CONCLUSIONS: An. marajoara mosquitoes were more active at night. About 50% of dissected An. marajoara females were oniparous. Another important finding was the high proportion of females (97.6%) with follicles in the Christophers and Mer's phases I and II, suggesting the presence of gonotrophic concordance. Wind velocity equal or higher than 3 km/h considerably reduced the frequency of An. marajoara.

The coastal area north of Yucatan has experienced a cooling SST trend from 1982 to 2015 during the upwelling season (May–September) that contrasts with the warming observed at the adjacent ocean area. Different drivers were analyzed to identify the possible causes of that unusual coastal cooling. Changes in coastal upwelling and in sea-atmosphere heat fluxes are not consistent with the observed coastal cooling. The eastward shift of the Yucatan Current observed over the last decades is hypothesized as the most probable cause of coastal cooling. This shift enhances the vertical transport of cold deeper water to the continental shelf from where it is pumped to the surface by upwelling favorable westerly winds.

In the context of 2050 energy targets, the EU aims to achieve a renewable energy share between 80% and 95% in final energy consumption. However, the road towards total dearbonisation of the energy supply is paved with numerous challenges, one of which is the uncertainty regarding the availability of future renewable electricity production. Although increasing renewable electricity production is one of the most effective answers to decarbonisation, renewable energy resources (RES), in addition to the inherent intermittency that can greatly affect their potential energy output, are directly linked to local climate characteristics. Currently, renewable energy projections are hampered in part by our lack of knowledge regarding the quantified impacts of climate change on renewable resource availability and variability for electricity supply. The literature review identified two main knowledge gaps in this field, namely, the lack of high resolution simulations and a holistic approach to the energy system. This thesis aims to address current limitations regarding the impacts of climate change on renewable energy resource variability and potential electricity production. This is achieved by performing very high-resolution (≈1 km²) weather prediction modelling at a national scale in Portugal, providing the necessary outputs for the meteorological variables used in the assessment of wind, solar and hydropower potential, in one present and two Shared Socioeconomic Pathways (SSP) climate change scenarios (SSP2-4.5 and SSP5-8.5). The methods from the review were used as a baseline for the estimate of future changes in wind speed, solar radiation and precipitation, among other variables, in Portugal, which was calculated and compared between the present and possible climate change scenarios. Results show an increase in wind speed during the Winter (+45%) and a decrease in the Summer (-45%), an overall increase of solar radiation of +30% to +45%, with the highest increase during the Winter, and a decrease in precipitation up to -80% during Winter and -100% during Summer months. Considering the projected variation, the wind energy density, solar photovoltaic energy density and estimated hydroelectricity production were calculated to build the most favourable decarbonisation scenario for Portugal for the expected electricity demand in 2050. The studied SSP scenarios indicate wind power as the main contributor to electricity demand (≈50%), followed by solar (≈33%), and finally hydroelectricity (≈17%). The spatial distribution and monthly contributions of each RES highlight the complementarity of multiple renewable solutions, such as wind and solar or solar and hydro. Finally, the estimated land requirements for total decarbonisation of the electricity supply indicate a 1% area coverage (in reference to the simulation domain size) for renewable installations for both SSP2-4.5 and SSP5-8.5 This thesis showed that the necessary renewable energy resources to build a fully decarbonised electricity supply scenario will be available in the expected climate change scenarios in Portugal, supports the decision-making process for future renewable energy deployment and aids in achieving national and EU energy goals.

We aim to understand the relationship between people's declared bioclimatic comfort, their personal characteristics (age, origin, clothing, activity and motivation, etc.) and the atmospheric conditions. To attain this goal, questionnaire surveys were made concurrently with weather measurements (air temperature, relative humidity, solar and long-wave radiation and wind speed) in two open leisure areas of Lisbon (Portugal), during the years 2006 and 2007. We analysed the desire expressed by the interviewees to decrease, maintain or increase the values of air temperature and wind speed, in order to improve their level of comfort. Multiple logistic regression was used to analyse the quantitative relation between preference votes and environmental and personal parameters. The preference for a different temperature depends on the season and is strongly associated with wind speed. Furthermore, a general decrease of discomfort with increasing age was also found. Most people declared a preference for lower wind speed in all seasons; the perception of wind shows significant differences depending on gender, with women declaring a lower level of comfort with higher wind speed. It was also found that the tolerance of warmer conditions is higher than of cooler conditions, and that adaptive strategies are undertaken by people to improve their level of comfort outdoors.

The Minho River, situated 30 km south from the Rias Baixas, is the most important freshwater source flowing into the Western Galician coast. This discharge is particularly important in driving the circulation and hydrography of this coastal region. To study this important issue, numerical modeling may constitute an important tool being used to understand the coastal plume effects under different conditions. The main purpose of this study is to implement and validate a marine model able to reproduce the propagation of the Minho estuarine plume. The chosen period for the validation was the spring of 1998, because a high Minho River discharge was reported as well as favorable wind patterns to spread the river plume towards the Rias Baixas. The numerical model MOHID was used through a downscaling approach with a three-level one-way nested scheme. The numerical predictions show good agreement with the observed water level in the entire domain. Also, the measured components of the velocity are well represented by the model, as well as the observed pycnocline, which is predicted for the observed depth. According to the model results, a buoyancy intrusion caused by the Minho river reverses the normal estuarine salinity longitudinal gradient of the Rias de Vigo and Pontevedra. Otherwise, this pattern is not observed in the Ria de Arousa. All these patterns are corroborated by in situ measurements. In summary, the validation results show that the model adequately reproduces the hydrodynamic and thermohaline patterns of the Western Galician coast.

Background Ecological segregation allows populations to reduce competition and coexist in sympatry. Using as model organisms two closely related gadfly petrels endemic to the Madeira archipelago and breeding with a two month allochrony, we investigated how movement and foraging preferences shape ecological segregation in sympatric species. We tested the hypothesis that the breeding allochrony is underpinned by foraging niche segregation. Additionally, we investigated whether our data supported the hypothesis that allochrony is driven by species-specific adaptations to different windscapes. Methods We present contemporaneous tracking and stable isotopes datasets for Zino’s (Pterodroma madeira) and Desertas (Pterodroma deserta) petrels. We quantified the year-round distribution of the petrels, characterised their isotopic niches and quantified their habitat preferences using machine learning (boosted regression trees). Hidden- Markov-models were used to investigate the effect of wind on the central-place movement speed, and a simulation framework was developed to investigate whether each species breeds at times when the windscape is most favourable to sustain their trips. Results Despite substantial spatial overlap throughout the year, the petrels exhibited diverging isotopic niches and habitat preferences during breeding. Both species used a vast pelagic region in the North Atlantic, but targeted two different mesopelagic ecoregions and showed a preference for habitats mostly differing in sea surface temperature values. Based on our simulation framework, we found that both species would perform trips of similar speed during the other species’ breeding season. Conclusions The different breeding schedules between the species are underpinned by differences in foraging habitat preferences and adaptation to the local environment, rather than to the windscape. Nevertheless, the larger Desertas petrels exploited significantly windier conditions, potentially unsustainable for the smaller Zino’s petrels. Furthermore, due to larger mass and likely higher fasting endurance, Desertas petrels engaged in central-placeforaging movements that covered more ground and lasted longer than those of Zino’s petrels. Ultimately, patterns of ecological segregation in sympatric seabirds are shaped by a complex interplay between foraging and movement