There were studied attributes related to sugarcane production in the organic cultivation system aiming to evaluate the efficiency of this system. There were evaluated the soil fertility, the nutrition and productivity of sugarcane and the impacts of the production system on the stocks of carbon and nitrogen on soil. There were analyzed the following attributes of soil fertility: organic matter (OM), soil chemical reaction (pH), potential acidity (H+Al), aluminum (Al3+), sulfur (S), cation exchange capacity (CEC), base saturation (V), aluminum saturation (m), phosphorus (P), potassium (K), calcium (Ca) and magnesium (Mg). In order to establish the crop nutritional status and its productivity: total number and total production of stalks, carbon (C), nitrogen (N) e and C/N ratio of the plants, straw production, production of dry matter and the extraction of P, Ca, Mg, K, Fe, Zn, Cu and Mn. The impact of sugarcane cultivation on the soil was evaluated through the soil density (Sd), content and stocks of carbon and nitrogen on soil. Regarding the fertility and nutritional status of sugarcane it was studied the following chronosequence of cultivated areas in the organic system: Org.0 – area cultivated under conventional system, representing the beginning of the organic system cultivation; Org.2 – area cultivated for 2 years in the organic system; Org.6 – area cultivated for 6 years in the organic system; Org.10 – area cultivated for 10 years in the organic system. There were evaluated also two different situations that may occur in any production system: one area where it occurred an accidental burn, Org.2Q – area cultivated for two years in the organic system with an accidental burn and other area where the sugarcane plantation was grown for twelve years and since then it was not reformed and replanted, being cultivated for ten years in the organic system - Org.10SR. In the study of impact of sugarcane cultivation on soil it was excluded the area Org.6 because the clay content in this area was inferior to the others. One area of native cerrado (CN) was used as reference for the calculated stocks of carbon and nitrogen. The soil (Oxisol), and plant samples, were collected in plantations belonging to Usina Jalles Machado, Goianésia – GO. The design was entirely randomized with five repetitions. The soil was collected in the following depths: 0-5, 5-10, 10-20-, 20-30, 30-40, 40-60, 60-80 and 80-100 cm, December 2010. The vegetal tissue was collected in February 2011. The organic cultivation was found more efficient than the conventional one of sugarcane. There was a rise up on the levels of fertility of the soil and of productivity. The extraction of nutrients of the soil was higher in the organic areas, which require special management of fertilizing to avoid weakening of the soil. Regarding the tillering and productivity, it was verified that in the beginning of the conversion to the organic system, after two years, there was reduction of tillering, however with no compromising of the final productivity of the plantation. The plants cultivated in the organic system absorbed more nutrients than in the conventional system. The soil density reduced highly in the superficial layers. In the organic system the carbon stocks raised considerably in relation to the conventional cultivation.

Introduction: Vitamin A deficiency can increase susceptibility to infection and reduce growth rate, besides it is an important cause of blindness in childhood. Infants and preschools are the most vulnerable groups to this deficiency. Objective: To evaluate the factors related to serum retinol in infants aged from six to 24 months who were attended at municipal daycare centers (CMEIs) in the city of Goiânia - Goiás State, Brasil. Methods: A cross-sectional study, undertaken between 2005 and 2006 in CMEIs located in Goiânia. A socioeconomic and demographic survey was performed as well as blood samples were drawn from 193 infants to analysis of complete blood count (CBC), serum retinol, ferritin and C-reactive protein (CRP). Retinol was determined by High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) being considered deficient retinol levels under 0,7 μmol/L. Data were analyzed by the softwares Stata/SE 12.0 and Statistical Package for the Social Sciences 18.0 (SPSS). T student test, Pearson’s or Spearman’s correlation and multiple linear regression were performed. Results: The mean serum of retinol level was of 1,00 ± 0,38 μmol/L and the prevalence of vitamin A deficiency was of 21,8%. The average levels of retinol did not differ significantly between gender, age, type of water consumed, prenatal assistance, breastfeeding (predominant or current), presence or absence of anemia and ferritin levels. There was no correlation between the mother’s schooling, birth weight and number of infants younger than five years of age with serum retinol. There was association between vitamin A deficiency and inflammation (p=0,04). For each CRP unit that increased there was a reduction of 0,133 e 0,115 mg/dL in serum retinol levels, according to two models of multiple linear regression, keeping other variables constant. Conclusion: Vitamin A deficiency in infants who were attended at a municipal daycare centers in Goiânia is high and the factor related to this deficiency was the inflammatory state of the child which is represented by the CRP serum levels, adjusted by sanitary sewage, habitation location and ferritin level.

The savannas reached prominence in the development of corn (Zea mays L.), soybean (Glycine max L.) and processing tomato (Lycopersicum esculentum Mill.), Depending on the economic and social importance of these crops. The problems of acid soils and nutrient deficiency in the savannas are common in most soils, but once overcome these obstacles, the cultures exhibit satisfactory development and production. Increasingly it becomes necessary, by the dynamism that modern agriculture provides that alternative mechanisms of replenishment of nutrients to the soil are offered, due to the high cost of fertilizer and high extraction of these elements in each cycle of crops. The use of industrial waste from various sources has shown potential for agricultural use, for purposes of correction of acidosis, addition of macro and micronutrients to the soil or even physical conditioning of the soil, always under careful criteria used to avoiding the environmental contamination. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of the electric arc furnace dust coming from the steel industry as a source of micronutrients in crops of corn, soybean and tomato at different levels of liming. The tests were conducted in two locations. A field experiment was conducted at the experimental farm of the School of Agronomy and Food Engineering, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Campus Samambaia, in Goiânia-GO, Brazil and other, in a greenhouse at Palmital Farm, municipality of Urutaí-GO, in campus of the Instituto Federal Goiano. During three years, were evaluated in Goiânia-GO, the use of steelmaking dust in corn in rotation with soybean and, in Urutaí-GO, for seven months, the tomato crop in succession with soybeans. The results in both experiments indicated that the levels of heavy metals detected in soil and leaves of the plants analyzed were below the limits considered toxic.

The african mahogany (Khaya ivorensis) is a high value forest essence in the international trade and of great potential to replace the Brazilian mahogany (Swietenia macrophylla), which is one of the most valuable commercial species in the world, but presents serious difficulties in its cultivation. Currently, little is known about the nutritional requirements of the african mahogany. In this sense, this study aimed to characterize and induce the symptoms of the deficiencies of macro nutriens (nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium, magnesium, sulfur) and micro nutrients (iron, boron, copper, manganese, molybdenum and zinc) based on the diagnosis by the visual method and by means of chemical analysis on seedlings of african mahogany. In order to do that, two experiments were conducted with a nutritive solution with the following treatments: T1-Complete Solution; T2-Complete solution, with the omission of nitrogen; T3-complete solution, with the omission of phosphorus; T4-complete solution, with the omission of potassium, T5-complete solution, with the omission of calcium; T6-complete solution, with the omission of magnesium-T7 complete solution, with the omission of sulfur; T8-complete solution, with the omission of iron; T9-complete solution, with the omission of boron, T10-complete solution, with the omission of copper; T11-complete solution, with the omission of manganese; T12-complete solution, with the omission of zinc; T13-complete solution, with the omission of molybdenum and T14-Witness (deionized water). In Experiment 1 the evaluations were carried from the emergence of seedlings obtained by seed that were put to germinate in coarse washed sand and irrigated with deionized water until sixty days after sowing, starting then to receive daily 200 ml of nutrient solution. The experimental design used was completely randomized with fourteen treatments and ten replications. The dendrological data and the visual symptoms were described and photographed every fifteen days from the initial stage until they became well defined at 210 days. In Experiment 2 the evaluations were carried from commercial seedlings ready for the field planting, which were removed from the 180 cm3 tubes and transferred to the plastic tubes with capacity for 4.8 L, containing coarse washed sand as substrate. These seedlings remained in the greenhouse for fifteen days, just being irrigated with deionized water. After this period the process of rustification of the seedlings was begun to subsequently start up the daily irrigation with 200 ml of nutrient solution, described in the Experiment 1. The experimental design used was completely randomized with fourteen treatments and ten replications. The dendrological data and the visual symptoms were described and photographed every fifteen days from the initial stage until they became well defined, at 220 days. At forty days after the start of the irrigation with nutrient solutions,the first visual symptoms begin to revel, with easy visualization and characterization. In Experiment 1 isolated omissions of macronutrients and micronutrients respective induces deficiency symptoms associated with smaller contents (except Cu and Mg), but only the absence of N, P, Fe, Cu and B significantly affect plant development. In Experiment 2 the plants from seedlings ready for planting the development is affected only by the omission of N in the nutrient solution, showing deficiency symptoms and smaller contents of the element. The omissions of the other nutrients reaches their induce mild symptoms of nutritional deficiency typical and lower foliar Ca and Fe only.

A tese descreve a ingestão de nutrientes segundo variáveis demográficas e socioeconômicas em adultos brasileiros, com base nos dados da primeira avaliação nacional do consumo alimentar individual, o Inquérito Nacional de Alimentação (INA), realizado entre 2008 e 2009. Um total de 34.003 indivíduos com pelo menos 10 anos de idade participaram do estudo. O presente estudo incluiu 21.003 indivíduos adultos, de 20 a 59 anos de idade, com exceção das mulheres gestantes e lactantes (n=1.065). O consumo alimentar individual foi estimado utilizando dois dias de registros alimentares não consecutivos. O consumo usual de nutrientes foi estimado pelo método do National Cancer Institute que permitiu a correção da variabilidade intraindividual. As prevalências de ingestão inadequada de nutrientes foram estimadas segundo o sexo e faixas etárias utilizando o método da necessidade média estimada como ponte de corte. A inadequação de sódio foi avaliada pelo consumo acima do nível de ingestão máximo tolerável. Os resultados são apresentados na forma de dois artigos. No primeiro artigo, estimaram-se as prevalências de inadequação segundo as cinco grandes regiões (Norte, Nordeste, Sudeste, Sul e Centro-Oeste) e a situação do domicílio (urbano e rural). Observaram-se prevalências de inadequação maiores ou iguais a 70% para cálcio entre os homens e magnésio, vitamina A, sódio em ambos os sexos. Prevalências maiores ou iguais a 90% foram encontradas para cálcio entre as mulheres e vitaminas D e E em ambos os sexos. No geral, os grupos com maior risco de inadequação de micronutrientes foram as mulheres e os que residem na área rural e na região Nordeste. No segundo artigo, estimaram-se as prevalências de inadequação do consumo segundo renda e escolaridade. A renda foi caracterizada pela renda mensal familiar per capita e a escolaridade definida pelo número de anos completos de estudo. Ambas variáveis foram categorizadas em quartis. Modelos de regressão linear simples e mutuamente ajustados foram estimados para verificar a associação independente entre o consumo de nutrientes e as variáveis socioeconômicas. Foram testadas as interações entre renda e escolaridade. Verificou-se que a inadequação da maioria dos nutrientes diminuiu com o aumento da renda e escolaridade; porém, o consumo excessivo de gordura saturada e o baixo consumo de fibra aumentaram com ambas variáveis. Grande parte dos nutrientes foi independentemente associada à renda e escolaridade, contudo, o consumo de ferro, vitamina B12 e sódio entre mulheres foi associado somente com a educação. Observou-se interação entre renda e escolaridade na associação com o consumo de sódio em homens, fósforo em mulheres e cálcio em ambos os sexos. Os achados indicam que melhorar a educação é um passo importante na melhoria do consumo de nutrientes no Brasil, além da necessidade de formulação de estratégias econômicas que permitam que indivíduos de baixa renda adotem uma dieta saudável. Nossos resultados mostram também um grande desafio das ações de saúde pública na área de nutrição, com importantes inadequações de consumo em toda população adulta brasileira e particularmente em grupos populacionais e regiões mais vulneráveis do país.

A tese descreve cenários para redução das prevalências de inadequação de ingestão de nutrientes no Brasil, baseados em dados do primeiro Inquérito Nacional de Alimentação (INA), realizado em 2008/2009, com 34003 indivíduos, maiores de 10 anos de idade. O consumo alimentar usual foi estimado usando dois dias não consecutivos de registro alimentar. O consumo usual de nutrientes e de alimentos foi estimado pelo método do National Cancer Institute que corrige a variabilidade intraindividual do consumo. Os resultados são apresentados em quatro artigos. No primeiro artigo, face à importância do consumo de ácido fólico por mulheres em idade reprodutiva para prevenir defeitos do tubo neural, e diante da grande disponibilidade de suplementos de ácido fólico de diferentes doses, avaliou-se a segurança do uso desses suplementos nessa população. Cinco cenários foram simulados somando-se diferentes doses diárias de fortificação ao ácido fólico oriundo dos alimentos consumidos. Comparou-se o total de ácido fólico com o nível máximo de ingestão tolerável para definir a dose segura de suplementação e concluiu-se que o uso de suplementos de até 700 mcg de ácido fólico é seguro. O segundo artigo apresenta um método simples para avaliar a fortificação mandatória de farinhas de milho e trigo no Brasil. O ferro foi estimado com base nos dados de consumo de ácido fólico, pois é possível calcular separadamente o folato proveniente dos alimentos. O impacto da fortificação em relação ao consumo de ferro é baixo no Brasil. No terceiro artigo, utilizando a técnica de programação linear uma dieta otimizada foi obtida que atinge a maioria das recomendaçõess para 22 nutrientes, com base no consumo usual em adultos e idosos brasileiros. O quarto artigo avaliou a aderência à Dieta Mediterrânea adaptada à realidade brasileira, priorizando os alimentos mais consumidos no Brasil. Utilizaram-se técnicas de simulação, a fim de avaliar mudanças na prevalência de inadequação de ingestão de nutrientes no Brasil em dois cenários. No primeiro cenário, assumiu-se que a ingestão de alimentos seguiria a distribuição normal; no segundo, a distribuição de alimentos seguiria a distribuição com desvio para a direita observada no INA para todos os grupos de alimentos. Para o cálculo das prevalências de inadequação de ingestão de nutrientes valores de Estimated Average Requirement foram usados como ponto de corte, exceto para o sódio em que foi usado o Tolerable Upper Intake Level. Conclui-se que se a população brasileira adotasse a dieta Mediterrânea, as prevalências de inadequação de ingestão de nutrientes seriam bem menores que as atuais, em ambos os cenários. As diferentes analises e resultados obtidos podem informar as políticas públicas pois convergem no sentido de que é possível atingir as recomendações para ingestão de nutrientes, com o uso de alimentos locais que fazem parte do hábito alimentar do brasileiro.

Cheese bread presents great acceptance and market expansion. Due to the lack of standardization in its manufacturing, various ingredients can be added. It was aimed to determine the content of minerals, bioactive compounds and antioxidant activity in cheese bread enriched with biofortified cowpea. Two formulations were prepared, standard cheese bread (without cowpea) and enriched cheese bread. The minerals were analyzed using the plasma emission spectrometry technique with inductive coupling, phenolic compounds and antioxidant activity were determined by spectrophotometry and the amines by High Performance Liquid Chromatography. All analyzes were performed in triplicate and for the comparison of the means between two variables, Student’s t-test was applied and for multiple comparisons, the Tukey test. It was observed that the enriched cheese bread is source of copper, zinc and sodium and presents high content of calcium, phosphorus and magnesium, considering the recommendations for the children’s audience. The concentrations of total phenolics, flavonoids and condensed tannins increased significantly with the introduction of cowpea. It was also observed an significant increase of spermidine, cadaverine and agmatine. The antioxidant activity was statistically higher in enriched cheese bread. It is concluded, therefore, that cheese bread with cowpea contributes to the supply of minerals and bioactive compounds.

Objective: To analyze the implementation of NutriSUS in the municipality of Porto Ferreira, SP, and understand the existing dissonances between its theoretical and practical presumptions. This is a qualitative and descriptive study. First, a documentary analysis of official texts structuring the policy was carried out. Subsequently, semi-structured interviews were performed with 12 NutriSUS managers and executors in the municipality. Based on our analysis of the interviews, we found three main categories: 1. NutriSUS management and execution attributes; 2. Factors impacting its implementation; and 3. Perception of the professionals interviewed about NutriSUS. We managed to list critical points for the implementation process, such as non-consolidated intersectoriality; lack of adequate staff training; inaccurate registry of coverage data; bureaucratic and administrative obstacles to input acquisition and distribution; lack of information to parents and/or guardians, among others. Conclusion: Finding critical points, which evince dissonances between their practical presumptions, can contribute to remodel the policy.

OBJECTIVE To evaluate the impact of consuming ultra-processed foods on the micronutrient content of the Brazilian population’s diet.METHODS This cross-sectional study was performed using data on individual food consumption from a module of the 2008-2009 Brazilian Household Budget Survey. A representative sample of the Brazilian population aged 10 years or over was assessed (n = 32,898). Food consumption data were collected through two 24-hour food records. Linear regression models were used to assess the association between the nutrient content of the diet and the quintiles of ultra-processed food consumption – crude and adjusted for family incomeper capita.RESULTS Mean daily energy intake per capita was 1,866 kcal, with 69.5% coming from natural or minimally processed foods, 9.0% from processed foods and 21.5% from ultra-processed foods. For sixteen out of the seventeen evaluated micronutrients, their content was lower in the fraction of the diet composed of ultra-processed foods compared with the fraction of the diet composed of natural or minimally processed foods. The content of 10 micronutrients in ultra-processed foods did not reach half the content level observed in the natural or minimally processed foods. The higher consumption of ultra-processed foods was inversely and significantly associated with the content of vitamins B12, vitamin D, vitamin E, niacin, pyridoxine, copper, iron, phosphorus, magnesium, selenium and zinc. The reverse situation was only observed for calcium, thiamin and riboflavin.CONCLUSIONS The findings of this study highlight that reducing the consumption of ultra-processed foods is a natural way to promote healthy eating in Brazil and, therefore, is in line with the recommendations made by the Guia Alimentar para a População Brasileira (Dietary Guidelines for the Brazilian Population) to avoid these foods.

Nos últimos anos, a substituição do leite de vaca (LV) por bebidas vegetais (BV) tem vindo a tornar-se cada vez mais popular. Esta tese tem como objetivo comparar os perfis nutricionais do LV e das BV, focando o seu conteúdo em macro e micronutrientes. Os resultados indicam que algumas BV, como a de soja e de côco, apresentam teores energéticos e de hidratos de carbono (HC) semelhantes aos do LV. Além disso, enquanto o perfil de HC do LV se limitou à lactose ou galactose-glicose, as BV apresentaram um perfil de HC mais complexo, contendo diferentes tipos e teores de HC como a rafinose, glucose, maltose, frutose, sacarose e sorbitol. Em relação à fração lipídica, o colesterol e os ácidos gordos (AG) trans foram quantificados apenas no LV, estando ausentes nas BV. O LV e a BV de côco apresentaram predominância de AG saturados (SFA), enquanto as BV de avelã e amêndoa foram ricas em AG monoinsaturados (MUFA) e as BV de soja, arroz e aveia destacaram-se pelos seus AG polinsaturados (PUFA). No entanto, é crucial analisar os SFA no LV individualmente, pois alguns não representam risco para a saúde. Relativamente aos micronutrientes, a BV de soja apresentou teores mais elevados de Ca, Mg e Cu em relação ao LV, juntamente com teores semelhantes de K e P. Por outro lado, o Se foi quantificado apenas no LV. Todas as BV apresentaram o mesmo teor de vitamina B12 que o LV, e a BV de soja foi o tipo de BV com maior teor na maioria das outras vitaminas. Embora muitas BV tenham sido fortificadas com micronutrientes, a sua biodisponibilidade é desconhecida. Dada a variabilidade nutricional das BV, é difícil identificar uma BV que seja nutricionalmente equivalente ao LV