Ovalbumin (OVA) is the major protein in egg white and can cause allergy mainly in infants and young children [1]. Egg allergy is an IgE mediated reaction and is one the most common food allergies. So far, the avoidance of the egg has been the unique way to prevent this allergy [2]. It is well known that phenolic compounds can bind to proteins promoting structural and functional changes. In this work, the interactions between OVA and the phenolic compounds were studied through spectroscopic techniques (fluorescence, circular dichroism (CD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR)) and docking. OVA solutions were incubated at different temperatures and times, with different phenolic compounds prepared with the same buffer solution (Gallic, Caffeic, Ferulic, Chlorogenic and Tannic Acids, Resveratrol and Quercetin). Results indicate that OVA's structure was affected by the binding of phenolic compounds. CD and FTIR experiments showed changes in the secondary structure of OVA, originated by the conversion of α-helix into β-sheets [1]. Fluorescence spectra demonstrated that phenolics are quenchers of fluorescent aminoacids (Tyrosine, Phenylalanine and Tryptophan) meaning that interactions occur directly or near these aminoacids. Fluorescence results also suggest that these interactions are electrostatic and thermodynamically favorable (∆G<0). Docking studies showed that the tested phenolic compounds can interact directly with OVA epitopes, or with its neighbors, thus avoiding the IgE binding. Therefore, the phenolic compounds can be used as a strategy for reducing egg allergy in foods.

Hen's egg allergy has been climbing in all countries due to eggs ubiquity in foodstuffs. This allergy is an IgE mediated reaction that affects mainly infants and young children. So far, the processes used to decrease the allergenicity of egg proteins, such as cooking, thermal processing, storage and enzymatic digestion have not been totally effective. Previous studies demonstrated that proteins form complexes with phenolic compounds, so the aim of this work was to analyze the effect of these compounds in ovalbumin (OVA) conformation and its possible application to reduce eggs allergenicity. OVA was incubated at different temperatures with phenolic compounds (caffeic, chlorogenic, ferulic, gallic and tannic acids; resveratrol and quercetin) and was analyzed by circular dichroism (CD), Attenuated Total Reflection–Fourier Transform Infra-Red (ATRFTIR) spectroscopy and fluorescence. Changes in the secondary structure of OVA were evidenced by CD and ATR-FTIR. Also, protein fluorescence decreased with increasing concentrations of phenolic compounds. The thermodynamic analysis suggested that electrostatic interactions are important in the binding process, and the quenching mechanism occur by contact. This was confirmed by docking where the phenolic compounds bind specifically to some regions of the protein, including those with the allergenic epitopes.

Ovalbumin (OVA) is the most prevalent protein in egg white and, represents the major allergen from avian egg white that causes IgE-mediated food allergic reactions particularly in children. It has been shown that phenolic compounds interact with proteins by a single or multipoint mechanism, promoting structural and functional changes. Moreover, the interaction of some allergens with polyphenols, led to permanent modification of the tertiary structure of the allergen, which can result in a reduction in its IgE-binding capacity. This work aimed to analyse the effect of phenolic compounds (Gallic, Caffeic, Ferulic, Chlorogenic and Tannic Acids, Resveratrol and Quercetin) on the native structure of OVA, using Circular Dichroism (CD), fluorescence and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The phenolic compounds were incubated with OVA at different times, concentrations and temperatures. Changes in OVA secondary and tertiary structures were increasingly induced with increasing temperatures by the phenolic compound. Also, for a constant temperature, the changes found in OVA structure increased with the phenolic compounds concentration. The results show that the interactions between phenolic compounds and OVA result in complexes (phenolics – OVA) where OVA native structure is changed. This is likely to affect epitopes and hence OVA allergenicity.

Facebook has an enormous educational potential and may have a major impact on the interaction and transmission of information in groups with common interests. Based on the analysis of some community pages, previously selected, this article aims at understanding their potential underlying uses in the context of non-formal learning of the English language. After an exploratory analysis of the corpus, a qualitative approach allowed the collection and interpretation of the data, the identification of the type of resources used in the posts and the ones that generated more interaction, and the understanding of the nature of this interaction. The results suggest that the educational potential of Language Learning Communities on Facebook are under-used, working often as sites for sharing resources that appear out of context. Therefore, the interactions that take place amongst users and between them and the administrators of the pages do not reach their full potential.

The geography observation in its articulations, proposed challenges when analysis and answers on this urban study work were presented. The objective of study is the city of Aragarças Goiás, studied from interactions present on time and in the space with the city of Barra do Garças in the State of Mato Grosso. The work approaches the relations established between these cities by the study of the place; which is completed with the movement and the dynamics developed in the outside elements space and insides that organize the territory daily. The objective is to understand how the Aragarças’s structure is currently presented, the sociogeographic dynamics existent, and how social relations, economics, politics and cultural are organized among spaces interactions. The methodological procedures of search were based by reading and review of the bibliographic material, where also was inserted a dissertation and theories with conceptual approach for small cities; the access also had the objective of verify the methodologies used on it. Was made a survey, verification and tabulation of official data in government institution like; IBGE, SEPLAN-GO, SEPLAN-MT, Cities Ministry, IBAM, Portal of transference, REGIC, PNUD and DETRAN. It was performed an interview with the representatives of Aragarças municipal department with some teachers, ex councilmen and also with some sellers from the city of Barra do Garças-MT. Was used questionnaires for one hundred (100) people who live in Aragarças. Was chosen to make a survey by a selection of twenty (20) companies located in Barra do Garças to verify the total of employees registered on the company that are located in Aragarças. To obtain a traffic average on the Araguaia river bridge that connects both cities, was made counting of cars, and motorcycles during three periods, using a digital manual counter. As retraction element, was chosen to take photos of the landscape using a digital camera. The study from the place and by the class of analysis disintegrates and unifies the object that was studied, providing deep and immediate experiences, it is clear that was treaty here a social construction, of an existent totality.

This study aimed to research the interactions of the choro with the Banda do Corpo de Bombeiros do Rio de Janeiro (BCBRJ), conducted by Anacleto de Medeiros and Albertino Pimentel in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries (1870s to 1940s), observed through the legacies left for the history of the genre. Aiming to investigate the stylistic peculiarities of the choro practiced during the period cited above and considering its relation with the arrangements and other peculiarities of the music performed by the BCBRJ, we sought to explore four categories of interactions that occurred with the choro and the BCBRJ. The approach of the first category verified that there was an intense traffic of musicians from the BCBRJ to the choro environment, and vice versa; the focus of the second one evidenced the circularity of the repertoire that was interpreted by the BCBRJ and the choro groups, revealing that part of it was composed by the chorões members of the band; the third category revealed that the circularity also happened through the appropriation by the choro groups of wind instruments, strong characteristic of the band; as for the fourth category, it dealt with the confluences of stylistic aspects that permeated the compositions and arrangements executed by the BCBRJ and the choro groups, through the analysis of selected works from their repertoires for this purpose. The result achieved with the approach of these four categories confirmed that there were interactions configured as a two-way street between the two musical formations, important for the consolidation of the choro as a proper musical genre. On the other hand, we always tried to emphasize that such interactions came from the reformed sociocultural scenario in Rio de Janeiro, which sought to become modern, where different cultural dimensions marked their spaces, symbolically demonstrating struggles of forging representations of identity processes. The practice of the music through this two-way street integrated this context, marking the identity space and the circulation of chorões and band members in the scenario and period in question.

Esse estudo aborda a relação entre o Legislativo e o Executivo na produção de políticas. Identifica os elementos do sistema de produção legislativa do Brasil (regras estruturantes, atores, recursos, instâncias de decisão e tipos de políticas produzidas) e propõe um modelo para o caso brasileiro de presidencialismo de coalizão, com base em estudos sobre a relação entre o presidente e o Congresso dos EUA e também na vasta produção existente sobre o contexto nacional. O sistema é estruturado pelo marco normativo de maior hierarquia, a Constituição, determinado historicamente, o qual privilegia a governabilidade com accountability e também orienta políticas segundo princípios de equidade, mas com responsabilidade orçamentária. O modelo considera que as agendas estratégicas dos atores são produto de variadas influências, incluindo o status quo (políticas existentes) e as demandas provenientes das conexões normativa e eleitoral. A primeira cria path dependencies e limita opções de política, realçando questões de capacidade de governar. A segunda agrega preferências em torno do pertencimento à coalizão de governo ou à oposição. As proposições legislativas decorrentes das agendas dos atores são processadas em instâncias de decisão pré-determinadas do Congresso Nacional, segundo conteúdo e relevância das matérias, onde os atores interagem por meio da seleção de vias legislativas e de outros recursos estratégicos. O arcabouço sistêmico é integrado às interações estratégicas que ocorrem nas fases de iniciação, apreciação e conclusão da tramitação de proposições legislativas (em três vias distintas: a constitucional, a complementar e a ordinária). Essa estrutura é reforçada por regras que centralizam o processo decisório durante a tramitação no Congresso. Os produtos do sistema são as leis com impacto em políticas públicas. A partir desse modelo, o estudo analisa seus elementos e relações, aplicando-o a um conjunto abrangente de propostas egislativas (cerca de 21 mil proposições sobre todos os temas, apresentadas no Congresso entre 1999 e 2006, nas três vias). São observados indícios de quatro tipos de interação, segundo padrões de conflito e liderança dos atores: liderança da coalizão, liderança do Legislativo, cooperação e impasse. Os dados opõem-se à demarcação da agenda entre os Poderes e indicam que o êxito do Executivo variou inversamente com a hierarquia da via e que o desempenho do Legislativo superou o do Executivo na via constitucional, com destaque para a atividade do Senado, e na via ordinária (apenas no caso dos projetos de lei ordinária, pois os privilégios de iniciativa exclusiva do Executivo para leis orçamentárias e de edição de medidas provisórias, com força imediata de lei, garantem maior desempenho quantitativo a esse Poder nessa via). Contudo, a coalizão predominou amplamente em todas as vias. Análises qualitativas com foco na política de saúde e seu financiamento reforçam esses achados e sugerem que, apesar das muitas regularidades identificadas no sistema (rejeitando teses como a paralisia decisória ou a completa predominância do Executivo), fragmentações na sociedade e no Estado, persistem como fatores que limitam a produção de políticas mais equitativas