This article has as main purpose to present a reflexive analysis and that is a kind of balance in theoretical terms on how diversity, of a cosmopolitan type, or superdiversity and has been requested by political decision makers, as well as part of the urban planning in the accommodation of immigrants in the city of contemporary times. In this sense, we analyze some of the main theoretical contributions that intersect the concepts of city, governance and diversity, in order to define some research axes that could support the construction of an intersectional research program that is based on these three key concept. This presents interesting heuristic potentialities that can be triggered in a national context given the scarcity of studies on the articulation between diversity governance and planning.

The rejection of immigrants is socially constructed and fuelled by the viral spread of false information, giving rise to hate speech loaded with symbolism. Hence, this study undertakes a semiotic analysis of hate speech in hoaxes about immigrants published on social media in Spain, Greece and Italy from January 2022 to August 2023. These hoaxes were identified on the leading fact-checking platforms in each selected country: Newtral, Ellinika Hoaxes and Facta News/Open. A valid sample of 52 hoaxes was analysed using an interpretative perspective methodology, delving into the fundamental aspects of semiotics (denotative and connotative signs). The study highlights signs that give meaning to cultural codes, social representations, myths, or imaginaries. In addition, it concludes that these hoaxes repeat the same patterns across the three countries despite dealing with different information. The immigrant figure is associated with attributes such as vandal, anti-social, usurper or criminal, leading to the construction of meaning systems (myths) and social imaginaries that stigmatise this group and portray them as inconvenient in the host society.

This database integrates the portuguese part of ESS Round 1 - European Social Survey 2002 - with country-specific variables, which were only applied in Portugal. These variables are related with the subjects of the multi-country survey and have been elaborated by the portuguese research team. “The survey (…) includes (amongst others) questions on immigration, citizenship and socio-political issues." (from ESS website)

This study considers the relationship between immigration and Portuguese tourism demand for the period 1995-2008, using a dynamic panel data approach. The findings indicate that Portuguese tourism increased significantly during the period in accordance with the values expected for a developed country. The regression results show that income, shock of immigration, population, and geographical distance between Portugal and countries of origin are the main determinants of Portuguese tourism.

This paper investigates the relationship between intra-industry trade (IIT) and immigration flows using a gravity model for the period 2000-2010 between Portugal and European Union's Member States (EU-27). The present study uses the methodology of Kandogan (2003) for separating IIT into its components horizontal (HIIT) and vertical intra-industry trade (VIIT).Using a panel data approach, our study find that immigration has a positive influence on Portuguese intra-industry trade. These results indicate that the immigration can reduce transaction costs between home and host country. We also consider in econometric model, the economic dimension which appears to exercise a positive effect on IIT. Our results confirm the hypothesis that there is a negative effect of transportation costs on trade.

This manuscript examines the link between trade and migration flows using a gravity model for the period 1995-2007 between Portugal and European Union countries. We also include in our sample the Portuguese speaking countries (PALOPS), i.e., ex-colonies. Globalization drives people to migrate, in some countries, immigration being more pronounced las in Portugal, in last decade, this country receiving foreign residents. This is a new reality to Portuguese economy. For many years, the Portuguese have emigrated to European countries, the United States of America and other countries. Currently, Portugal is witnessing a reverse trend, Brazilian, Cape Verde,Ukrainian and Romanian communities choose Portugal as a destination country.We find evidence that immigration has a positive influence in bilateral trade. We also introduce economic size and regional trade agreements (RTA); these proxies confirming a positive impact of bilateral trade. These results show that the gravity model can explain the pattern of bloc’s trade. Our results also confirm the hypothesis that trade increases if the transport decreases.

Le langage SMS : sous-produit de l’oral et de l’écrit ou véritable langage écrit ? Ce travail analyse les caractéristiques et les implications du langage SMS et du français utilisé par les jeunes des banlieues urbaines d'origine immigrée. Tous deux provoquent des réactions opposées, les unes en défense de la langue, contre sa "corruption", et d'autres qui les tiennent pour des facteurs d'enrichissement de la langue. Néanmoins ces deux langages, amplement utilisés par les jeunes – bien que par un groupe d'âge différent dans le premier cas – non seulement suivent des règles reconnaissables, mais agissent comme un facteur d'identification et de cohésion de groupes sociaux. Il en ressort une sorte de jeu du chat et de la souris, dans lequel les jeunes créent de nouvelles expressions au fur et à mesure que les plus anciennes se disséminent au point d'être utilisées par les médias. Dans le cas du langage SMS, qui vise à raccourcir et à simplifier la rédaction, il se pourrait qu'il contribue à une éventuelle réforme de l'orthographe. La linguistique reconnaît depuis toujours l'existence de différents niveaux de langage que l'on emploie conformément à la situation et au destinataire du message. Ce qui s'applique à la langue orale pourrait aussi s'appliquer à la langue écrite, ce qui impliquerait des changements didactiques de l'enseignement de l'écrit. Ces langages très innovants ont donc le mérite de renouveler la langue française, même si les termes ou les techniques n'en sont pas permanentes. Cela signifie que les éducateurs chargés d'intéresser les élèves non francophones à la langue et à la culture française doivent être sensibles à la langue des banlieues et au langage SMS pour leur permettre une véritable communication avec les jeunes français de toutes les origines. - A linguagem de SMS: subproduto da língua oral e escrita ou verdadeira linguagem escrita. Este trabalho analisa as características e implicações da linguagem de SMS e do idioma francês utilizados pelos jovens de origem imigrante das periferias urbanas. Ambas as respostas à indagação provocam reações opostas, umas em defesa da língua, contra a sua “corrupção”, e outras que a consideram como fatores de enriquecimento da língua. Todavia, as duas linguagens, amplamente utilizadas pelos jovens, embora por um grupo etário diferentes no primeiro caso, não somente obedecem a regras reconhecíveis, mas agem como um fator de identificação e de coesão dos grupos sociais. Estabelece-se uma espécie de jogo do gato e rato, no qual os jovens criam novas expressões à medida que as mais antigas se disseminam ao ponto de serem utilizadas pelos meios de comunicação de massa. No caso da linguagem de SMS, que visa a abreviar e simplificar a redação, poderia ser uma contribuição a uma eventual reforma ortográfica. A linguística reconhece há muito tempo a existência de diferentes níveis de linguagem que se empregam conforme a situação e o destinatário da mensagem. O que se aplica à língua oral poderiam também aplicar-se à língua escrita, o que implicaria em mudanças didáticas do ensino da escrita. Portanto, essas linguagens muito inovadoras têm o mérito de renovar a língua francesa, mesmo se os termos ou as técnicas não sejam permanentes. Isso significa que os educadores encarregados de interessar os alunos não francófonos na língua e na cultura francesa devem ser sensíveis às línguas das periferias e à linguagem de SMS para lhes permitir uma efetiva comunicação com os jovens franceses de todas as origens. - SMS language: byproduct of the oral and written language or an actual written language? This paper analyses the features and implications of the SMS language and the French language, both used by youths descendents of immigrants and residents in urban ghettoes. Both alternatives arise opposite reactions, either in defense of the language, reacting against its “corruption”, or regarding them as language enrichment factors. Nevertheless, these two languages, widely used by youths, although by different age groups in the case of the former, not only follow recognizable rules, but also as an identification and cohesion factor for social groups. As in a cat-mouse game, youths create new expressions to the extent that the older ones become so disseminated that the mass media use it. SMS language aims to abbreviate and simplify writing, contributing eventually to an orthographic reform. Linguistics has regarded since a long time that different levels of language are employed according to the situation and the receivers. As in oral language, the same principles could be applied to the written language, with changing implications in writing teaching. Therefore, these very innovative languages contribute to the French language renewal, even when expressions or techniques are not stable. This means that educators responsible by non-francophone learners and pursuing to attract their attention to the French language and culture must be sensitive to the ghetto languages and to the SMS languages, so that they can effectively communicate with all the French youth ethnical groups.

This paper examines the relationship between intra-industry trade and immigration flows using gravity model for the period 1995-2008 between United States and NAFTA, European Union and ASEAN. Our results show that the stock of immigration has a positive effect on intra-industry trade. We conclude that the immigration contributes to decrease the costs of transport costs ant this promotes the IIT. We examine this topic with static and dynamic panel data approach to test country-specific characteristics.

This paper investigates the relationship between intra-industry trade (IIT), horizontal IIT, vertical IIT (VIIT) and immigration flows using a gravity model for the period 1995-2008 amongst Portugal and European Union’s Member States (EU-27). Using a panel data approach, the results show a positive correlation between immigration and IIT. These outcomes indicate that the immigration can reduce transaction costs between home and host country. We also consider the economic dimension which appears to exercise a positive effect on trade. Our research confirms the hypothesis that there is a negative effect of transportation costs on trade.