This paper seeks to analyse the adoption of Energy Efficiency Measures in non-residential buildings. Based on the concepts of agency theory and absorptive capacity, the propensity of Micro-, Small- and Medium-sized Enterprises in Portugal to adopt energy efficiency in lighting, insulation, and the replacement and operation of heating, was evaluated. To achieve this, an online survey was carried out, and the resultant data was treated using Probit models. The main findings suggest that absorptive capacity factors are a key reason for adopting more efficient and profitable technologies. Policymakers should provide assistance and information to the managers of these enterprises regarding the benefits of energy efficiency measures. Additionally, this paper shows that subsidiary enterprises are more likely to adopt energy efficiency measures. Although subsidiaries suffer pressures due to agency theory factors, they may also benefit from knowledge transfers from their parent enterprises. Most of the decisions and barriers considered by enterprises are not based on audits or the advice of energy management professionals, since more than 65% of the respondents have never performed an energy audit, and over 82% do not have an energy manager.

Industry accounts for about one-third of global final energy use. However, despite the need for increased industrial energy efficiency, studies indicate that cost-effective energy efficiency measures are not always implemented, resulting in an ―energy efficiency gap‖, which is explained by the existence of barriers to energy efficiency. Considering that SMEs are usually less efficient than Large Enterprises (LEs), this study based on a survey among Portuguese industrial SMEs, investigates the barriers that are inhibiting the adoption of energy efficiency measures and how they vary over firm‘s characteristics and over sector. Additionally the study points some drivers that could overcome those barriers. The results support the existence of barriers to energy efficiency in Portuguese industry, where lack of capital and other investments priorities were considered the most important ones. Furthermore it concludes that factors related with public policy could overcome those barriers, suggesting the need of public intervention to increase the levels of energy efficiency in the Portuguese industry.

The studies in the area of knowledge management, directed to non-profit organizations are scarce, as opposed to what happens in the private and public sector. The growing importance of the third sector and its institutions, in establishing a more just and balanced society, combating asymmetries and placing itself on the side of the neediest, justifies the attention of the academic community, in order to establish and adopt best practices to carry out their missions. The choice of a case study of organizations such as the Portuguese fire brigades (FBs), unique in their action and identity, accompanies the need increasingly recognized by Portuguese society, in enabling these organizations of competencies for the best possible performance, in view of tragic events that have occurred in recent years in this country, particularly in the area of major fires. Research goal: placing the focus of the study on the sharing of tacit knowledge in these organizations and taking as a case study the Portuguese volunteer firefighter, we set as objectives the verification of the prevalence of tacit knowledge indicators within these organizations and the identification of barriers to this same sharing. Research methodology / design: a careful reading of the literature on sharing tacit knowledge allowed the identification of possible indicators and barriers to the sharing of this knowledge, which were later included in the script of interviews to eight commanders of fire brigades of the central region of Portugal, under the methodological technique snowball, for a qualitative study. Main findings: it was possible to conclude that these organizations tend not to share this type of knowledge, presenting barriers at the individual, organizational and technological level. Limitations / recommendations: as limitations of the research, it should be noted that the present research focuses exclusively on the sharing of tacit knowledge, not considering other forms of knowledge. As a case study, although with heterogeneous organizations, the same cannot be replicated to different realities.

Physical Activity (PA) is considered a coadjutant factor in the control of hypertension, helping to control this societal burden. This study investigates the factors that may influence the adoption of PA recommendations by hypertensive individuals by comparing physical activity patterns among hypertensives and normotensives and the importance placed on PA by both groups. Data from 966 Portuguese participants aged between 18 to 90 years old, representing hypertensives (n=144) and normotensives (n=822) were collected using a face-to-face questionnaire. The results show significant differences between the two groups in terms of causes of non-participation and dropping out, preferred PA activities, perceived knowledge, and information-seeking behaviour. The main barriers to exercise reported by hypertensives were the perception that PA is not adequate or even dangerous to their health. Doctors must be considered a key factor in promoting exercise. When compared to normotensives, hypertensives feel that PA information available is not appropriate (p=.0006). Hypertensives consider that existing programmes will not meet their needs and do not like traditional fitness classes, such as those in gyms. The fear of risks associated with exercise seems to be a significant barrier that impairs PA participation.

This thesis aims to study the theme of Business internationalization, analyzing the motivations that encourage companies to expand into international markets, as well as the challenges faced that determine the successful or unsuccessful of companies in adapting to the complexities of the international markets and the decisive strategic impact of N-Tuple of Helices collaborative networks in simplifying and improving the internationalization process. In practical terms, by highlighting business internationalization, this research will allow company managers to understand the main motivating factors and challenges faced in this process and identify resilient strategies to overcome global barriers. Furthermore, the study provides insights on how to benefit from N-Tuple of Helices networks in strengthening partnerships, promoting innovation, obtaining competitive advantages, and contributing to strategic decision-making to improve competitiveness in international markets. In the theoretical context, this study seeks to contribute to the dynamics of business internationalization, exploring the implementation of multi-helix collaborative networks in business initiatives and public policies for the robustness of the internationalization of companies, particularly with regard to the integration of multiple actors, such as academia, companies, government and entities that promote support for internationalization, this research offers an innovative perspective on how these synergies in desire of a common objective, enhance and foster the growth and competitiveness of companies in the global market. This research will follow the empirical-formal research method, which will be characterised by the formulation of research questions based on the theoretical framework, testing these questions and critical reflection, confronting theory with the evidence of observed facts, and safeguarding the possibility of refutation. In the specific case of this research, the formulation of questions will be inspired by the existing theoretical framework on the internationalization of companies, which is a delimited set of observable phenomena. The first empirical essay in this thesis (Chapter 2) is entitled "Analysing stimuli and barriers, failure and resilience in Companies' Internationalization: a systematic and bibliometric review", where the framework and issues of the topic were framed, following a process of deductive reasoning, construction and based on a logic of a chain of reflection in descending order, which consisted of a general theoretical framework for private research cases. The results of the Systematic Literature Review (SLR) allow for the identification of emerging and as yet little explored themes on which the development of the following chapters is based. The second empirical essay in the thesis (Chapter 3), entitled "SMEs internationalization process: from success to insolvency, from brand rebirth to the re-internationalization", highlights the need to better understand the negative impact of these experiences on the internationalization of companies, SMEs with major investments deployed in their internationalization processes, through recourse to high levels of bank financing, in association with the COVID-19 pandemic period, were not able to successfully overcome the calvary of internationalization and culminating in their own bankruptcies, however, despite such failures, the attractiveness and reputation of the brand, supported by the strategic vision and perseverance of new entrepreneurs, enabled the rebirth of the brands and opening the door to their re-entering international markets. The third empirical essay in this thesis (Chapter 4) is entitled "Firms' internationalization: the sustainment process". In this study, we adopted the pragmatist paradigm through a mixed-method research approach that included two distinct studies. The first was a conceptual study focusing on the internationalization strategies of small and mediumsized enterprises (SMEs), which utilized a questionnaire for data collection. This was followed by a qualitative study that involved interviews to explore the factors that enhanced and propelled companies towards greater competitiveness in international markets. The fourth empirical essay in the thesis (Chapter 5) is entitled " What is the Role of Collaborative Networks in the Internationalization of Companies? An N-Tuple Helix Qualitative Approach”. The N-Tuple of Helices is fundamental for increasing the internationalization of companies, allowing adaptation to global complexities and expanding presence in international markets through collaborative networks. The study methodology applied was multiple cases, comprising the current synergies of the Triple Helix and the respective combination between the spheres, thus promoting the viability of the success of government and international projects to increase the national competitiveness of companies in international markets. The present thesis uncovered new insights and a clearer understanding of the business internationalization by highlighting the interplay between internal motivations, external challenges, and organisational resilience in navigating global markets. This study demonstrated how strategic engagement with N-Tuple of Helices networks fosters innovation, facilitates knowledge exchange, and strengthens collaborative efforts among academia, industry and government. Furthermore, the research provides actionable recommendations for business leaders, emphasizing the importance of leveraging multi-stakeholder partnerships to overcome barriers, enhance adaptability, and secure competitive advantages in diverse international contexts. These contributions enrich existing literature and offer a practical framework for businesses aspiring to expand globally in a competitive and strategic way.

Apesar da crescente participação das mulheres no mercado de trabalho, sua contribuição empresarial nem sempre é bem vista e valorizada. O desejo de mudar esse panorama faz com que as mulheres se dediquem cada vez mais a sua qualificação profissional para atingir postos de trabalho de maior importância, no entanto, são identificadas barreiras que por serem tão sutis e “invisíveis” foram denominadas como o fenômeno teto de vidro (glass ceiling). Neste contexto foi elaborada esta pesquisa, que tem por objetivo identificar as barreiras associadas ao crescimento profissional da mulher na atualidade, tendo como base as seis barreiras já apresentadas por Russel, Rush e Herd (1988) como sendo as principais enfrentadas pelas mesmas. O estudo caracterizou-se como descritivo exploratório, com abordagem quantitativa, e se deu através da aplicação de um questionário estruturado desenvolvido para a pesquisa e aplicado à 163 mulheres atuantes no mercado de trabalho, abrangendo todas as regiões do estado do Rio Grande do Sul. As barreiras mais ativas na atualidade são as que compreendem as características inadequadas ao gerenciamento, assim como as questões familiares, sociais e educação ou experiência limitadas. Igualdade e oportunidade de acesso ao mercado de trabalho, assim como o reconhecimento do mesmo, devem ser enfrentados e solucionados para que a mulher possa ser mais valorizada não só dentro das organizações mas no campo organizacional como um todo.