Este trabalho surgiu na perspectiva de auxiliar os estudantes do ciclo básico do curso de medicina da Universidade Lueji A´Nkonde, na aprendizagem do tema sobre o sistema cardiovascular. Verificou-se que alguns estudantes do 2º ano apresentavam dificuldades na compreensão e na aprendizagem do tema acima mencionado. O presente trabalho foi elaborado pensando numa linguagem simples e clara para os estudantes deste nível de ensino. Os conteúdos que foram abordados neste trabalho estão relacionados com anatomia, fisiologia e histologia do coração, sendo esta abordagem integrada.

O currículo do curso de Medicina da Universidade José Eduardo dos Santos (UJES, Huambo, Angola) tem a estrutura baseada no modelo tradicional descrito pela primeira vez, em 1910, no relatório Flexner da edução médica nos Estados Unidos e Canadá. Apesar de utilizar algumas metodologias ativas e até mesmo inovadores, o método tradicional constitui o elemento principal das atividades de ensino-aprendizagem. O método tradicional baseia-se na utilização de estratégias que não estimulam a autoaprendizagem e colocam o aluno em posição passiva no processo de ensino-aprendizagem. Atualmente é recomendado a construção de um currículo que permita a integração de conhecimentos, habilidades e atitudes dentro e fora do próprio currículo, bem como a utilização de metodologias que incentive a autoaprendizagem. Deste modo, o presente trabalho tem como principal objetivo preparar uma unidade curricular referente ao sistema cardiocirculatório para aplicar, num futuro próximo, no curso de medicina da UJES, a fim de incentivar a adoção de um currículo integrado e a utilização de estratégias pedagógicas inovadoras como principais métodos das atividades de ensino-aprendizagem. De forma a cumprir o objetivo do presente trabalho, a nova unidade curricular referente ao sistema cardiocirculatório foi estruturada a partir dos modelos de integração curricular existente, e foi escolhido o modelo horizontal que permite a organização do currículo em sistemas corporais. Após uma revisão da literatura, selecionou-se o Flipped classroom em articulação com aprendizagem baseada em equipa modificada, como principal estratégia pedagógica. Esta nova abordagem poderá despertar o interesse da equipa docente da Faculdade de Medicina da UJES a novas estratégias de ensino na medicina e modelo de estrutura curricular. Por outro lado, devido a escassez de estudos sobre a validade destas estratégias, este estudo contribuirá nas evidências, já existentes, sobre robustez das abordagens inovadoras no ensino da medicina. Depois de aplicar a nova unidade curricular será feito um estudo para avaliar o impacto desta nova abordagem, a fim de saber a capacidade de retenção dos conhecimentos, a aquisição de competências e a recetividade por parte dos alunos e a equipa docente.

Nos dias de hoje existe um grande contraste entre os preços praticados das próteses para o membro superior conforme a sua funcionalidade. Explicitando, uma prótese passiva tem um preço aceitável, todavia esta apenas realiza uma atividade especifica ou possui uma vertente meramente estética. Por outro lado, uma prótese ativa permite o movimento do membro superior controlado pelo utilizador proporcionando um conjunto de funcionalidades muito maior, ainda assim o preço praticado no mercado alcança valores exorbitantes. Uma alternativa a este cenário poderá ser a impressão 3D, pois uma prótese concebida com esta tecnologia é capaz de fornecer os movimentos complexos a um preço acessível. Porém, apesar deste benefício, é possível identificar algumas desvantagens noutros parâmetros como, por exemplo, na resistência e na dureza. O principal desafio da engenharia no desenvolvimento de dispositivos protéticos passa pelo dimensionamento de uma prótese incorporada por atuadores, sensores e outros componentes eletrónicos que consiga aproximar-se o tanto quanto possível do tamanho e do peso do membro substituído. Assim sendo, o principal objetivo desta dissertação é dimensionar uma prótese mioelétrica, tendo em consideração as adversidades que se vivem no panorama das próteses para o membro superior. No primeiro passo da elaboração deste projeto, após as devidas considerações, optou-se por servomotores para os atuadores e que o arduino mega 2560 deveria ser responsável pela parte de controlo. Os movimentos realizados pela prótese foram escolhidos com base nas tarefas essenciais do dia-a-dia. No próximo passo, procedeuse à escolha de quais os melhores mecanismos para a prótese através de várias matrizes de decisão. De seguida, nomeadamente na etapa de projeto detalhado, foi concebido o CAD do projeto tendo em consideração a premissa inicial, isto é, foi realizado o desenho 3D das várias peças constituintes da prótese tendo em consideração as adversidades que se vivem nos dias de hoje na comercialização de próteses para o membro superior. No final, foi possível obter uma prótese mioelétrica com um preço muito mais baixo do que o praticado no mercado, conseguindo ainda assim possuir um grau de funcionalidade bastante elevado.

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A Ordem Polypteriformes é conhecida do Triássico até o presente e representa o grupo irmão de todos os outros Actinopterygii atuais. Polypteriformes atuais são representados pela família africana Polypteridae. Os Polypteridae formam um clado monofilético composto por dois gêneros: Polypterus, os ‘bichirs’, composto por 13 espécies e monoespecífico Erpetoichthys, o ‘reedfish’. Apesar de serem estudados por mais de 200 anos, não há um consenso sobre as espécies válidas pertencentes ao grupo, nem sobre as relações filogenéticas dentro dele. A presente tese procura ajudar a elucidar algumas destas questões e é dividida em 3 drafts. Cada draft tem como objetivo i) produzir uma descrição osteológica detalhada de Polypterus senegalus e compará-la com a osteologia de outras 9 espécies de Polypteriformes, para tentar achar novos caracteres para melhor separar estas espécies, e depois, ajudar a elucidar as relações filogenéticas do grupo; ii) analisar a morfologia intraindividual e intraespecífica nas pínulas de Polypterus bichir, para entender se a variação morfológica nas pínulas de uma única espécie, a fim de determinar a sua validade como ferramenta taxonômica, para, assim, confirmar a validade dos táxons fósseis descritos com base em material isolado; e iii) analisar a ornamentação de ganoína nas escamas de diferentes regiões do corpo de Polypterus bichir para entender se a ornamentação de ganoína dessas escamas se mantém constante, independentemente da região corporal, e se ela pode ser utilizada para separar espécies ou grupos. Para cada draft, nós mostramos que i) as diferenças no rostral, lacrimal, série espiracular, região opercular e nadadeira caudal são caracteres promissores para separar as espécies atuais de Polypteridae; ii) há um padrão morfológico relacionado ao eixo antero-posterior na nadadeira dorsal. Nós também reportamos diferenças morfológicas nas pínulas de diferentes espécimes e inconsistências entre nossos resultados e os resultados de outros estudos; e iii) que os parâmetros estudados aqui são consideravelmente variáveis, não importando a região corporal, e que eles se sobrepõem aos dados para outras espécies na literatura, não sendo possível achar nenhum padrão distinto neles

The clinical manifestations of diseases of the locomotor system generates discomfort and pain, which can trigger lesions, the severity of which provides an abnormal distribution of weight, resulting in overloading joints, tendon and ligaments. Imaging studies are presented as a valuable tool to evaluate the degree of impairment of digital anatomical structures. The objectives of this study were carrying out a literature review on the applications of ultrasound in the distal ends of the locomotor limbs cattle and describe the sonographic anatomy of the structures that make up the metacarpo/ metarsophalangeal and interphalangeal joints, measuring the superficial digital flexor tendon (SDFT) and deep (DDFT) of young cattle during three stages of growth. Were employed nine Nelore calves and seven Girolando. During 120 days, the animals were managed intensively, they were weighed and subjected to clinical, radiographic and ultrasound with eight, ten and twelve months. In the clinical evaluation of the 64 distal ends, it was found that 37 (57%) showed horizontal lines of stress. Radiography of the three moments revealed no bone lesions. The measures taken by ultrasonography cross-sectional thickness of the SDFT and thickness and width of DDFT were similar (p ≥ 0.05) between the breeds, and SDFT for the minimum and maximum values observed for Nelore (lateral: M0 = 1.98 ± 0.24 mm, M2 = 2.83 ± 0.27 mm and medial M0 = 1.98 ± 0.20 mm, M2 = 2.66 ± 0.13 mm) and for Girolando (lateral: M0 = 1 , 97 ± 0.20 mm, M2 = 2.54 ± 0.14 mm and medial M0 = 1.90 ± 0.13 mm, M2 = 2.57 ± 0.12 mm). For DDFT the following minimum and maximum values observed for Nelore (lateral thickness: M0 = 5.53 ± 0.76 mm, M2 = 7.07 ± 0.36 mm/lateral width: M0 = 12.98 ± 1.18 mm; M2 = 15.33 ± 0.40 mm/medial thickness: M0 = 5.38 ± 0.68 mm, M2 = 7.21 ± 0.31 mm medial/width: M0 = 13.49 ± 1.10 mm, M2 = 15, 52 ± 0.50) and for Girolando (lateral thickness: M0 = 5.23 ± 0.78 mm, M2 = 6.93 ± 0.18 mm/lateral width: M0 = 12.57 ± 0.93 mm, M2 = 15 , 46 ± 0.46 mm/medial thickness: M0 = 4.70 ± 0.43 mm, M2 = 7.00 ± 0.37 mm medial/ width: M0 = 12.84 ± 0.98 mm, M2 = 15.28 ± 0 56). The structures visualized by ultrasound examination of the dorsum of the distal epiphysis of the metacarpus/ tarsus, were longitudinal growth plate, the condyles of the metacarpal/tarsal bones, joint capsule, common extensor tendon of the third finger and the joint space. In the interphalangeal region was observed the extensor tendon of the third finger and medial extensor, proximal, middle and distal phalanges and the joint space. In the palmar/plantar portion of metacarpal/ tarsophalangeana joint were observed the median and metatarsal plantar arteries, SDFT, DDFT, digital tendon sheaths, joint recesses and interosseous muscle. Distal to the dorsal region of dew claw was observed the annular digital distal ligament and in reversal of the positioning between the SDFT and DDFT. The sonographic characteristics observed on examination of the distal end of bovine Nelores and Girolandos aged between eight months and one year are indicated for satisfactory identification of these structures for cattle with similar characteristics, as well as measurements of thickness and width of the SDFT and DDFT values are reference to cattle of these ages.

Manihot Mill belongs to Euphorbiaceae Juss. With more than 100 neotropical species, of which 65 were reported for the Brazilian Cerrado. The genus presents a complex taxonomy, still little studied, with taxa differentiated by subtle characters, constituting, therefore, complexes of difficult delimitation. One of these complexes is represented by Manihot pentaphylla Pohl, a species that currently circumscribes four subspecies: M. pentaphylla subsp. pentaphylla; M. pentaphylla subsp. tenuifolia; M. pentaphylla subsp. rigidula and M. pentaphylla subsp. graminifolia. These taxa were previously described as distinct species and later inserted at the subspecies level, however, these taxa, besides growing in a biome that has little known flora and that suffers constant devastation, present differences in morphological characters preserved and useful in the delimitation of taxa in the genus, such as: habit and growth orientation, conformation of bracts and bractolas and inflorescence, which means that knowledge of these species becomes necessary. Since anatomical studies have provided useful information on the taxonomic delimitation of species , the objective of this study was to provide anatomical data of the M. pentaphylla complex to support the delimitation of its infraspecific categories, and present a morphological approach, where the taxa are described and related. For this, botanical collections and morphological descriptions of the taxa were carried out, anatomical analysis under optical microscope and scanning electron microscope and histochemical tests. Transverse sections of the stem and leaf of the longitudinal taxa and taxa were obtained only from the stem and the petiole. The taxa showed significant anatomical differences of taxonomic value such as: contour and number of vascular bundles on the petiole, contour and number of vascular bundles of the central vein, type of mesophyll, epidermis formed by papillary cells, distribution and type of stomata and epicuticular wax pattern. The shape of the leaf blade (whether arched or straight) and the edge (revolute or non-revolute), presence of gelatinous fibers, presence/absence of cuticular streaks among others also provided valuable information to differentiate species. Morphologically, the taxa showed differences in habit and appearance, type of inflorescence, shape and integrity of bracts and bractoles, among others. Finally, based on the morphological and anatomical characters described and compared here, we believe that the studied taxa have satisfactory differences to raise them at the species level.

Professionals of reproduction are increasingly looking for a deeper study of the penis and prepuce for the selection of reproductors to avoid factors that may favor the development of diseases causing impotence coeundi. In the surgical area this knowledgment facilitate nerve blocks and surgical approaches. So, it was aimed to conduct a review of penis and prepuce focusing embryological aspects, postnatal development, anatomical and histological composition, muscular origin and insertion, blood and lymphatic irrigation and drainage, innervation and mechanism of erection and ejaculation and to study morphometric aspects of the penis, prepuce and penis retractor muscle of Gir and Nelore cattle. In the first study, we selected 40 bulls aged between 30 to 38 months, being 20 Nelore and 20 Gir. These animals were evaluated by clinical examination and specific terms of the genital tract, test libido and mating ability. Later, the animals were carried to the slaughterhouse, where anatomical parts of the penis and preputium were collected in order to perform the morphometry and dissection of the retractor muscles of the penis, which, regardless of race presented in pairs in all animals. The second vertebra was the site of origin of the penis retractor muscle in all animals studied. The insertion of the left retractor muscle of the penis was more distally than the right one. However, there was no association with any disease process, since all animals showed themselves able of carrying out mating. In the second study, it was selected 23 Nelore and 20 Gir bulls from different centrals of collection of semen in order to study the morphometry and the correlation of different body and preputial measures. The average length of the prepuce of Nelore and Gir bulls was 52.4 5.5 cm and 57 3.2 cm, respectively. In the third study, for the penile morphometry, it was used the anatomical specimens of the first experiment. The penis length was, on average, 71.96 and 75.73 cm, respectively for the Nelore and Gir bulls. Some morphological and morphometric parameters quantified in this work, as the length of the prepuce, the shortest distance from the preputial orifice to the abdominal wall, lower distance from the umbilicus to the abdominal wall, circunference of the preputial orifice, length of the glans and length of free part of the penis, are found to be important parameters to evaluation criteria in the selection of reproductors for phenotypic characteristics improvement or even for prevention of acquired diseases that affect the external genitalia of bulls.

Purpose: To analyze the topographical anatomic relationship between the maxillary posterior teeth and the maxillary sinus (MS) using cone beam computed tomography (CBCT). Methods: A sample of 202 CBCT examinations, consisting of 600 premolars and 600 molars were selected for the study images. The distance between the root apex and the floor of the MS as well as the thickness of the cortical bone of the floor of the MS in closer to root apex and furcation region was measured. The vertical and horizontal relationships of the MS floor with the roots of the molars were classified according to Kwak et al. (2004) with adaptation. The mean and standard deviation of distances and thicknesses were obtained. The difference between the distances, as well as between cortical thicknesses was evaluated by Kruskal-Wallis test. The difference between the types of the vertical relationship, as well as between the types of the horizontal relationship, of the molars was assessed by Chi-square test. Significant values were considered p < 0.05. Results: The shortest distance between the apex and the MS floor was observed in MB root of the second molar (0.36 ± 1.17 mm) and the longest distance in V root of the first premolar (5.47 ± 4.43 mm). In the group of single-rooted premolar, the closest distance between the apex and the MS floor was observed in the roots of the second premolar (1.71 ± 2.81 mm). The greater cortical thickness of the floor of the MS was observed in the first premolar area (1.28 ± 0. 42 mm) and the lower, in the second molar área (0.65± 0.41 mm). There was no statistically significant difference in the thickness of cortical bone in relation to proximity to the apex of the MB, DB and P roots of the molars. The vertical relationship most observed in the molars was Type 2 and the horizontal was type 2H. Conclusions: The roots of the upper molars showed greater proximity to SM when compared to premolar; the thickness of the cortical bone of the floor of the SM in the region closest to the apex and furcation area was found to be similar; the roots of the upper molars presented more frequently a vertical and horizontal relationship of proximity with the SM.

MORPHOPHYSIOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS, PRODUCTION AND COMPOSITION OF ESSENTIAL OIL IN LEAVES OF Tetradenia riparia (Hochst) Codd-LAMIACEAE CULTIVATED AT DIFFERENT LEVELS OF SHADING. Tetradenia riparia ( Hochst ) Codd- Lamiaceae, popularly known as incense, is used for diseases like malaria, angina, gastroenteritis , headaches , bronchitis , among other diseases. Its essential oil contains approximately 200 components. The diterpenoids have antimicrobial, antispasmodic and antitricomonas activity. Considering the importance of light on plant growth and development the present study aims to evaluate morphological and physiological characteristics and production and composition of essential oil of Tetardenia riparia cultivated at different levels of shading. For this, seedlings were propagated by stem cuttings and grown in mini-greenhouses completely covered with black polyethylene screens produced to provide 30%, 50% and 80 % of levels shading and also grown under open sky. Leaves were evaluated after 150 days of treatment. The plants under open sky had greater foliar blade thickness. Shaded plants had higher leaf area. There were no significant differences in stomata and trichomes in the abaxial epidermis. The highest oil yield occurred in plants grown with 30 % and 50 % shading treatments. The major component of the essential oil, regardless of the treatment, was the sesquiterpenic hydrocarbon 14 - hydroxy -9 - epi - (E) - caryophyllene. Many chemical compounds of the essential oil alter its content according to treatments and other compounds were only observed at specific levels of shading. The total content of chlorophyll, chlorophyll “a” and carotenoids was higher in 50% and 80% treatment shading. The levels of chlorophyll “b” and a / b ratio did not change in different treatments. The different treatments did not change values of ash. The lipid content was lower in the treatment of 80% and increased protein and nitrogen content in 50% and 80% treatment shading.